1- Butanal hydrogenation

Figure 5. n-Butane conversion to isobutane as a function of temperature in a temperature programmed reaction experiment conducted over 0.4 g of INiSZ(s) catalyst under an n-butane/ hydrogen mixture (n-C4 molar fraction = 0.34) at a constant heating rate of 2C/min... 

Photolytic. The vacuum UV photolysis (X = 147 nm) and y radio lysis of ethylenimine resulted in the formation of acetylene, methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen cyanide, methyl radicals, and hydrogen (Scala and Salomon, 1976). Photolysis of ethylenimine vapor at krypton and xenon lines yielded ethylene, ethane, methane, acetylene, propane, butane, hydrogen, ammonia, and ethylene-imino radicals (Iwasaki et al, 1973). 

The carbon skeleton of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is the same as that of the aldol condensation product derived from butanal. Hydrogenation of this compound under conditions in which both the carbon-carbon double bond and the carbonyl group are reduced gives 2-ethyl-l-hexanol. 

The reaction results in the formation of gases such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, iso-butane, n-butane, hydrogen gaseous petrol, kerosene, diesel, heavy oil (CLO). The gases are subsequently allowed to pass through a condenser. 

Most feeds contain some olefin as an impurity moreover many sulfated zirconia catalysts contain traces of iron or other transition metal ions that are able to dehydrogenate hutane. In the presence of such sites, the olefin concentration is limited by thermodynamics, i.e a high pressure of H2 leads to a low olefin concentration. That aspect of the reaction mechanism has been proven in independent experiments. The isomerization rate over sulfated zirconia was dramatically lowered by H2. This effect is most pronounced when a small amount of platinum is deposited on the catalyst, so that thermodynamic equilibrium between butane, hydrogen and butene was established. In this way it was found that the isomerization reaction has a reaction order of +1.3 in -butane, hut -1.2 in hydrogen [40, 41]. The byproducts, propane and pentane, are additional evidence that a Cg intermediate is formed in this process. As expected, this kinetics is typical for butane isomerization only in contrast pentane isomerization is mainly a monomolecular process, because for this molecule the protonated cyclopropane ring can be opened without forming a primary carbenium ion [42]. 

Bromine with ammonia acetylene butadiene, butane, hydrogen sodium carbide, turpentine, or iinely divided metals. 

Sensors for methane, butane, hydrogen, CO, CO2, alcohol, ammonia, HjS, NO2, organic solvent... 

Barrer (1 Barrer = 7.5 x 10- m [STP] m/[m s Pa]) and an -butane/hydrogen selectivity of 27. This selectivity increases to 51 as the feed -butane concentration increases from 2 to 7.3 vol%. PIM-1 could find use as a novel membrane material in petrochemical applications (e.g., hydrogen recovery from fluid catalytic cracker off-gas [171]). 

As can be seen from the table the pure gas selectivities of the nanoporous carbon membrane are quite low, e.g. 1.19 for butane/hydrogen. However, for the mixture given in Tab. 7.6 the butane/hydrogen selectivity increases to 94. The reason for this is that the butane is selectively absorbed over hydrogen at the carbon pore wall and because the pores are so small the pathway for hydrogen is blocked. This effect of selective surface flow and pore blocking was first observed by Barrer et al. [303]. Due to its unmatched selectivity the nanoporous... 

Results of a laboratory study on the metal dusting of four steels in butane-hydrogen. The coke formation within two days exposure was taken as a measure of metal dusting attack, (a) Temperature dependence of attack, (b) effect of H2S additions on metal dusting at 650 °C. 

Hence, each grid induces a characteristic flame acceleration factor, which depends on the shape parameter of the grid, but is fairly independent of the chosen mixture composition. In any case, this factor increases with the reduced grid distance x/d as shown in Fig. 9. Whether this finding will prove true also for other fuels (propane, butane, hydrogen, etc.) will be investigated in the near future. 

Fuel Gases—gases intended for burning in air or oxygen. Examples are acetylene, butane, hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), methyl acetylene-allene mixture (MAPP gas), propane, and other hydrocarbons. 

Contain LPG, butane, hydrogen, ethylene, and acetylene at any pressure... 

Figure 24.7 For a PDMS membrane (a) mixed-gas hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane permeability vs. inverse feed temperature, and (b) n-butane/hydrogen, propane/hydrogen, ethane/hydrogen, and methane/hydrogen selectivity vs. temperature (Pinnau and He, 2004).

The actual f are Natural gas, liquid gas (propane/ butane), hydrogen, methanol, ethanol (in Brazil 12x 10 liter/1989) as well as vegetable oils and their methyl esters. Methane made by anaerobic fermentation from feed lot wastes (biogas) may gain local interest but will not be a bulk fuel. Most of these are still linked to petroleum and other fossil sources. Only the following four are important and based on RR and are therefore considered ... 

Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents b.p. — 15°C. Prepared by treating 1,4-dibromo-butane with metallic sodium. Reduced to n-butane by hydrogen at 200" C in presence of nickel catalysts. 

CH2 CH C CH. Colourless gas with a sweet odour b.p. 5°C. Manufactured by the controlled low-temperature telomerization of ethyne in the presence of an aqueous solution of CuCI and NH Cl. Reduced by hydrogen to butadiene and, finally, butane. Reacts with water in the presence of HgSO to give methyl vinyl ketone. Forms salts. Forms 2-chloro-butadiene (chloroprene) with hydrochloric acid and certain metallic chlorides. 

Liquefied gas fractions (propane, propylene, butanes, butenes) that will be able to provide feedstocks to units of MTBE, ETBE, alkylation, dimerization, polymerization after sweetening and/or selective hydrogenation. 

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