Burial history

Chemical analysis of the metal can serve various purposes. For the determination of the metal-alloy composition, a variety of techniques has been used. In the past, wet-chemical analysis was often employed, but the significant size of the sample needed was a primary drawback. Nondestmctive, energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry is often used when no high precision is needed. However, this technique only allows a surface analysis, and significant surface phenomena such as preferential enrichments and depletions, which often occur in objects having a burial history, can cause serious errors. For more precise quantitative analyses samples have to be removed from below the surface to be analyzed by means of atomic absorption (82), spectrographic techniques (78,83), etc. 

Sample description and preparation. The samples analysed in this study are listed in Table I together with available geochemical data. Table II provides general burial history information for the four sedimentary sequences. 

Table II. Burial history information for the four sedimentary sequences studied...

The following organisations are thanked for their kind donation of samples Institute Francais du Petrole, British Petroleum, Norsk Hydro. We are grateful to the analytical departments at Bristol University and at BP Research Centre for the elemental analyses. Dr. A. Pepper (BP) is acknowledged for provision of burial history information for the Monterey Fm. kerogens. ll Buxton (Geolab Nor) is thanked for selected TOC determinations. Dr. J.M. Jones (University of Newcastle) is thanked for vitrinite reflectance analyses. We thank Dr. A.K. Burnham for supplementary kinetic analyses. W. Pool is thanked for technical assistance. Drs. K. Peters, W.L. Orr and C.M. White are thanked for critical reviews. 

Figure 8.37. Burial history plot for Helderberg Group rocks and other strata. Helderberg Group is shaded, whereas the base of Ordovician strata, base of Silurian strata and base of Mississippian strata are shown as thin lines marked O, S and M. Dashed lines are time-temperature indices of maturity (TTI see Waples, 1980). The oil generation window represents the necessary conditions of time and temperature for potential oil generation. The 50° oil preservation deadline is the upper TTI limit for occurrence of oil with API gravity of 50°. (Modified from Dorobek, 1987.)...

Hydrocarbons with typical overmature compositions and isomer distributions are characteristically found in rocks with deep-burial history, e.g., in Archean sequences (Brocks et al., 2003a). Adamantanes and diamantanes, for example, are diagnostic classes of diamondoid hydrocarbons that persist and become concentrated at extreme levels of thermal maturity (Chen et al., 1996 ... 

In order to make sense of observed trends in sedimentary (C P)org ratios, and to evaluate the utility of this parameter in hind-casting past ocean productivity or in partitioning sedimentary organic matter as to source, it is important to understand the sources of organic matter to sediments, and the processes that modify the (C P)org ratio while organic matter is in transit to sediments, and then during its burial history. The (C P)org ratios of marine and terrestrial organic matter are distinct. This ratio in marine phytoplankton hovers closely around the classical... 

Ruttenberg K. C. and Goni M. A. (1997b) Depth trends in phosphorus distribution and C N P ratios of organic matter in Amazon Fan sediments indices of organic matter source and burial history. In Proc. Ocean Drilling Program. Sci. Res. (eds. R. D. Flood, D. J. W. Piper, A. Klaus, and L. C. Peterson), vol. 155, pp. 505-517. 

CarroU, R. R, Pashin, J. C., and Kugler, R. L, 1995, Burial history and source-rock characteristics of Upper Devonian through Pennsylvanian strata. Black Warrior basin, Alabama Geological Survey of Alabama Circular, v. 187, p. 29. 

Rowan, E. L., Goldhaber, M. B., and Hatch, R. R., 1996, Constraints on the thermal and burial history of the Illinois Basin from fluid inclusions and thermal maturity of organic matter in Geological Society of America, 28th annual meeting, p. 387. 

Fig. 2. Compaction corrected burial history for top Gam Formation in well 6506/12-1 (modified from Walderhaug, 1997),...

The origin of saline formation water in sedimentary basins has been problematical since it was first recognized that basinal fluids typically contain dissolved solids in concentrations considerably in excess of seawater. Vast differences in major-ion ratios quickly dispelled early assiunptions that basinal fluids were connate and represented buried seawater (Chave, 1960). Since then, different mechanisms have been advocated to account for the composition of subsurface water, and indeed, different mechanisms probably operate in basins with different lithologies and different burial histories. In some cases saline formation water may evolve in near isochemical rock—water systems during burial, as increasing temperature and pressure induce reactions which transfer components from the solid to the dissolved state. At the other end of the spectrum, fluid bearing no resemblance to the interstitial burial water may be imported from another part of the basin, or even from outside the basin, for example, by meteoric recharge, and modified by rock—water interaction. 

Bjerrum, C.J. and Canfield, D.E., 2004. New insights into the burial history of organic carbon on the early Earth. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, doi 10 1029/2004GC000713. 

The burial history of the Lower and Middle Lunde Members in the northeastern part of the rotated... 

Palaeogeographical, palaeoclimatic and burial history controls on the diagenetic evolution of reservoir sandstones evidence from the Lower Cretaceous Serraria sandstones in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, NE Brazil... 

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