Bulking thermosetting resins

ISO 10122 1995 Reinforcement materials -Tubular braided sleeves - Basis for a specification ISO 10371 1993 Reinforcement materials - Braided tapes - Basis for a specification ISO 12215-1 2000 Small craft - Hull construction and scantlings - Part 1 Materials Thermosetting resins, glass-fibre reinforcement, reference laminate ISO 15100 2000 Plastics - Reinforcement fibres - Chopped strands - Determination of bulk density... 

J.J. Minnick, USP 3338165(1967) CA 67, 118754k (1967) [Expls prepd from NMe (Nitromethane) sensitized to initiation by incorporation of spherical resin balloons of finely divided air-entrapped materials. The balloons of diam 2 to 360 microns (such as described in CA 59, 9731a) and bulk d 0.3 g/cc were made from a polymerized thermosetting resin, either urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde. Suitable amts of balloons to sensitize NMe were in the range 1.5 to 10%. Fuels, oxidizers and thickeners could be incorporated]... 

The resin matrix can be either thermosetting or thermoplastic. Thermosetting resins such as epoxy, polyimide, polyester, and phenolic are used in applications where physical properties are important. Polyester and epoxy composites make up the bulk of the thermoset composite market. Of these two, polyesters dominate by far. Reinforced with glass fiber, these are known as fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRPs). FRPs are molded by layup and spray-up methods or by compression molding either a preform or sheet molding compound (SMC). 

The work described herein relates primarily to lamination and bonding processes. However, the techniques are generic to most forms of thermoset resin processing. In the discussion which follows many of the resin systems contain glycidyl amines. The bulk of the epoxy formulations used in the aerospace industry today are based on tetraglycidylmethylenedianiline, I (TGMDA) and with diaminodi phenylsulfone, II (DOS). Systems based on... 

Reactive bulking chemicals form covalent bonding in the cell wall. Examples include alkylene oxides and low molecular weight thermosetting resins. Unlike non-reactive chemicals, treatment with these chemicals is considered non-reversible. 

In reactive bulking treatments, a chemical is covalently bonded to the cell wall. Cross-linking of the cell wall material may also occur. Such treatments sometimes swell the wood and sometimes cause it to shrink. Examples of reactive bulking treatments include alkylene oxides and impregnation with thermosetting resins. These treatments are essentially nonreversible, but they often improve the stiffness of the cell walls. As a result of their nonreversibility, the conservation community is very cautious about adopting such treatments. It is, however, likely that these methods will find some utility with very deteriorated objects that cannot be satisfactorily stabilized by more traditional techniques. 

CAS 12001-26-2 EINECS/ELINCS 310-127-6 Uses Filler for joint compds., adhesives, sealants, electrode coatings reinforcing agent (inc. stiffness, prevents waqting, improves dimensional stability) in thermoplastic resin composites insulator aiding dielec, props, in thermoset resin composites Features Reduces shrinkage, cracking in adhesives Properties 48 p median size bulk dens. 21 Ib/fE... 

Phenolic novolak resins and high styrene SBR resins are used for reinforcing and increasing the hardness and modulus of rubber compounds. Resorcinol novolak resins are used as a part of the adhesion system between rubber and brass plated steel cord or organic fibers. Both phenolic novolak and resorcinol novolak resins require the addition of a methylene donor such as hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) or hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) to fully crosslink and become a thermoset. Phenol, alkyl phenols, and resorcinol can be reacted in bulk or in a polymeric formulation with methylene donors. Typical donors are 2-nitro-2methylpropanol (NMP), HMTA, and HMMM, used to produce a thermoset resin network in the... 

Impedance spectroscopy has been used to study the polymerization of variety of thermoset resins, but only a few investigations have been done on solution polymerization reactions. 5) We will present one of the first impedance measurements that monitors both the surface and bulk photopolymerization of 6-(2-methyl-4-nitroanilino)-2,4-hexadiyn-1 -ol... 

Bulk molding compounds (BMC) and sheet molding compounds (SMC) have gained increased commercial importance in recent years, particularly in the automotive industry. Every yeeir new applications are introduced. BMC and SMC products consist of a thermosetting resin, such as an unsaturated polyester, containing a filler and reinforced with glass fibers. Often the recipe includes a thermoplastic additive known as a low profile additive (LPA) to eliminate cure shrinkage and improve surface quality. Other additives may also be present to control viscosity, add color, and promote mold release. 

Applications include a wide variety of thermoset resins for injection molding and rubber compounds ranging from floor tiles to shoe soles. Dicaflock can be used as a plasticizer, bulking agent, arc intensifier, 2d>sorbent and lubricant. 

Whilst there are some thermoset acrylic emulsions cormnerdally available, the bulk of the thermoset resins, used as the main binder system, are produced in solution. Some may then be made waterborne by neutralisation and inversion (dispersion) into a water phase. Lower molecular weights favour this qrproach. The rate of conversion from solvent based to waterborne industrial thermoset coating systems has been, and is, much slower than the conversion from architectural alkyd paints to emulsion altonatives. There are two principle reasons for this. Firstly there are problems of application and substrate wetting of many waterborne systems. Secondly, the modifications frequently required to induce water dispersibility reduce one or more of the essential performance properties required from the cured film, compared to a solvent based system. Water resistance, with many films having an increased tendency for blushing is one example. However, for some applications, such as electrodeposition, only waterborne systems will work. 

---