BSA method

Therefore, another type of planar glucose biosensor with Pt electrodes on a sihcon substrate has therefore been developed for in vivo measurements [61]. The enzyme glucose oxidase was immobilized by the well known GDA-BSA method and the whole sensor was covered subsequently by a polyurethane membrane. This sihcon chip has to be sawed and assembled on a flexible carrier for in vivo application, the assembled catheter was successfully evaluated in rats [79]. This sensor gives encouraging results in aqueous solutions and subcutaneous apphcations. Drawbacks of this include the complicated mounting and assembling procedures which are difficult and cumbersome. 

The manufacturer s User s Manual (Sirtex User s Manual issued March 2002, pp 38-42) suggests three methods of estimating the activity to use for resin microsphere treatment (6.4.3.1) BSA method. 

Van Hazel first instituted this modification during clinical trials where radiation hepatitis appeared in patients with smaller liver volumes [35]. Unfortunately there has not been a subsequent publication showing the rationale, validity or correlation between BSA, liver volume, tumor volume and radiation hepatitis. It represents a sometimes significant decrease in activity (small patient, small liver) compared to the empiric approach, and at other times, it calls for a modest increase in activity (small patient, large liver) compared to the empiric. It has been demonstrated that the empiric and BSA methods usually overestimate the activity that can be delivered to a patient [36, 37] (Fig. 6.1). 

It is a now common finding that if the empiric is used, up to 50% of treatments will be incomplete, i.e. not all of the microspheres can be implanted due to vascular stasis [36, 37, 49]. This issue is important not only from a radiation safety and clean up standpoint, but also warrants careful attention in the procedure not to try and deliver all the microspheres. This is not to suggest that the empiric method is not useful, as it does delineate the upper limit of safety in the conditions listed above in which it was developed however, in most modern-day patients, a more consistent and accurate calculation approach is the BSA method. The majority of patients will have aggregate tumor volumes of between 5%-23%. Obviously in this wide range, individual patients cannot be optimally treated with a single activity recommendation, i.e. 2 GBq. 

The characteristics of the treatment are summarized in Table 10.1. The calculation of the activity of to be administered to each patient was modified over time. Until June 2004, the BSA method was... 

A note on the assays of coelenterazine and luciferase activity. The methods for measuring coelenterazine and the corresponding luciferases are given in Appendix C5. Special attention must be paid to the fact that coelenterazine in aqueous buffer solutions spontaneously emits a low level of chemiluminescence in the absence of any luciferase, which is greatly enhanced by the presence of various substances, including egg yolk, BSA and various surfactants (especially, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). Therefore, the utmost care must be taken in the detection and measurement of a low level of... 

Protein concentration was determined in cell free filtrates, according to the Lowry method (14) with bovine seric albumin (BSA) as standard. 

The dansyl derivative 9-azidononyl-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-l-sulfonate 35 was used by Yi and collaborators [91] as an azido-fluorescent label in a tandem method of sulfonium alkylation and click chemistry for the modification of biomolecules. Fluorescent labeling of a protein was successfully carried out after simple incubation of BSA with sulfonium salt 36 followed by azido-containing fluorophore 35, at room temperature. 

Fig. 3. (Top left) Chemical methods used to depolymerize the polyesters. (Top right) Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatograms (as trimethylsilyl derivatives) of the monomer mixture obtained from the cutin of peach fruits by LiAlD4 treatment. In the thin-layer chromatogram the five major spots are, from the bottom, C18 tetraol, C16 triol, and C18 triol (unresolved), diols, and primary alcohol. Nx = C16 alcohol N2= C18 alcohol Mj = C16 diol M2 = C18 diol D = C16 triol D2 and D3 = unsaturated and saturated C18 triol, respectively, T4 and T2, unsaturated and saturated C18 tetraol, respectively. (Bottom) Mass spectrum of component D3 in the gas chromatogram. BSA = bis-N,O-trimethylsilyl acetamide...

Protein content The amount of protein in each extract can be determined by the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976), using BSA as a standard. Briefly, make a standard curve with 0,2,4,6,8,10,15 and 20 pg / mL BSA and mixed with 1 mL of Bio-Rad protein assay (diluted 1 4). Read standard curve and samples at A595 in a spectrophotometer, using as blank 1 mL of diluted Bio-Rad protein assay. 

Suaud-Chagny and Gonon [3] presented a new procedure for protein immobilization adapted to carbon microelectrode characteristics. The principle of this method of immobilization is based on the association of the protein with an inert porous film immobilized around the active tip of the electrode. For this purpose the carbon was coated with an inert, electrochemically obtained protein sheath (bovine serum albumin, BSA) a few micrometers thick. Then the sheath around the fiber was impregnated with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which could be immobilized onto the electrode and resulted in an electrode sensitive to pyruvate. 

The interaction between 4-(4-hydroxybut-2-ynyloxy)-3-(phenylsulfonyl)-l,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide 16 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by spectroscopic methods including fluorescence and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that molecules 16 bind with BSA forming 1 1 complex. Thermodynamic parameters, such as AH, AG, and A.Y, were calculated. The results indicate that the binding reaction is mainly entropy driven and hydrophobic forces play a major role in this reaction <2006CHJ1050>. 

The rates of silylation of AN with BSA (Chart 3.2) were estimated by the competitive reaction method (204). These rates change in parallel with the rates of deprotonation of these AN, determined by treatment with NaOH in aqueous methanol (213). 

Although several immunochemical methods have been reported for LAS, few examples of their application to real environmental matrices have appeared. The first immunochemical method for LAS was reported by Fujita et al. [151]. It is a direct ELISA and uses MAbs generated against 5-sulfophenyl valeric acid conjugated to BSA through the carboxylic acid, thus preserving the sulfonic group... 

Should the antibody purification nevertheless be desirable, one can use the Ab-Select Purification Kit (also from Innova Biosciences, http //www.innovabio-sciences.com/products/abselect.php) that quickly removes the contaminants, such as BSA, glycine, tris or azide. The AbSelect method involves capture of the antibody on protein A resin and the removal of unwanted substances by a simple wash procedure. The purified product is then eluted and neutralized. 

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