White bronze

Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal. Babbitt metal. White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the... 

Copper-tin Although a wide range of copper-zinc alloy deposits can be plated, most experience has been gained with two compositions, i.e. the red copper-rich tin-bronze which contains 90-93% copper and 10-7% tin and the white speculum which contains 50-60% copper and 50-40% tin. 

Mills, J.S. and White, R. (1989). The identity of resins from the Late Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun (ICaS). Archaeometry 31 37-44. 

White, S. R. (1981). The Provenance of Bronze Age pottery from Central and Eastern Greece. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bradford, UK. 

This is a diverse group of crops with a range of flavors. The family likeness appears when they flower—tiny individual flowers are produced in creamy white, umbrella-shaped flowerheads, known as umbels, very like those of their relations cow parsley and bronze fennel. They are very attractive to beneficial insects. 

Weaver, G. M., and H. O. Jackson. Relationship between bronzing in white beans and phytotoxic levels of atmospheric ozone in Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 48 561-568, 1968. 

Plato mentions white lead, sulphur, oreichalcos (golden bronze), and other common substances obtained by chemical processes.24... 

The manufacture of white lead is described by Vitruvius as previously by Theophrastus, and as later by Dioscorides and Pliny. The process of making verdigris from copper is also given by Vitruvius as in Theophrastus and as later by Dioscorides and by Pliny. Theophrastus and Dioscorides name it ios. Vitruvius and Pliny call it aeruca (bronze or copper rust). 

Pliny mentions the making of certain bronzes for special purposes by adding to the bronze and melting with it, certain proportions of silver-lead, or of lead and silver-lead.07 This silver-lead he elsewhere08 says is made of equal parts of black lead and white lead, that is, lead and tin. 

Lead, plumbum nigrum, its occurrence in connection with silver, its uses in making certain bronzes, for making lead water pipes, and in sheet form, are described by Pliny. Its oxide (Pb 0) is described under the names of molyb-daena, lithargyros, and galena, as the product of roasting lead in the air, and as produced in the furnaces where silver and gold are smelted. White lead (cerussa) and our red lead were also known and described by Pliny, much as by authorities already quoted. 

Take soft tin in small pieces, four times purified. Take of it four parts and three parts of pure white copper (or bronze, chal-chos ), and one part of asem. Melt and after casting, dean several times and make what you will with it. This will he asem of the first quality which will deceive even the artisans. 

Take mercury, fix it with the (metallic) body of magnesia or with the (metallic) body of stimmi from Italy, or with sulphur apyre (native sulphur), or with aphreselinon (selenite), or burned limestone, or alum of Melos, or with arsenicon or what you will. Place the white earth (so prepared) upon copper (x >s, copper or bronze), and you will have copper without shadow (brilliant). Add yel-... 

---