Bronze, 228 table

Known oxyfluoroniobates (-tantalates) with compositions that correspond to X Me = 3 crystallize in typical structures of ReC>3, pyrochlore, and hexagonal and tetragonal tungsten bronze. Table 35 presents structural parameters of such compounds. 

Alloys. Tin is widely used as both a major and minor ingredient of alloy metals. These applications are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Phosphor bronzes (Table 3) actually contain very little phosphorus, ranging from 0.03 to 0.50%, and hence the alloys are poorly designated. Tin bronzes is the better term. High-silicon bronzes contain about 2.8% tin low-silicon bronzes about 2.0% tin. Gun metals are tin bronze casting alloys with a 5 10% zinc content. Some wrought copper-base alloys contain tin (1) Inhibited Admiralty metal, 1% fin (2) manganese bronze, 1% tin (3) naval brass, 0.75% tin, (4) leaded naval brass, 0.75% tin. See also Copper. 

NEAL ET AL. Add Rain Stripping of Marble, Limestone, and Bronze Table III. Heights of Embossed Granite Letters, Muncie, IN. 

Zinc consumption is categorized in five semifabricating markets (see Table 15). Galvanizing was the main market for zinc in the 1970s followed by zinc-base casting alloys and brass and bronze. Depressed constmction and automotive industries caused a decline from 1979 to 1980 of ca 18%, and the die-casting business declined 34% and galvanizing 24%. 

Table 5. Properties of Bronze and Copper-Bearing Alloys ...

Table 17. Conductivity and Wrought Tensile Strength of Tin Bronze Alloys...

Table 18. Conductivity and H04 (Hard) Temper Tensile Strength of Aluminum Bronze Alloys ...

Table 1. Boundary Shift for Manganese—Bronze Alloys...

Properties of copper—tin—lead alloys are Hsted in Table 10. The members of the tin bronze alloy group are cast using the centrifugal, continuous, permanent, plaster, and sand molding methods. Leaded tin—bronze alloys have minimum tensile strengths of 234—248 MPa (34,000—36,000 psi) as cast in sand molds, whereas the minimum tensile strengths for high leaded tin—bronze alloys are 138—207 MPa (20,000—30,000). The values are based on measurement of test bars cast in sand molds. 

Table 13. Properties of Silicon Bronze and Silicon Brass Alloys...

Table 14. Properties of Copper-Nickel Alloys and Leaded Nickel Bronze and Brass...

Wheels are also made of solid sheet bronze or aluminum for nonsparking service. The ventilating and industrial fan identification is given in Table 12-11. 

The results of tests on copper alloys have been given by Tracy , Thompson , Mattsson and Holm and Scholes and Jacob , the first two of these investigations being made under the aegis of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The tests of Tracy, and Scholes and Jacob were both for periods up to 20 years in those of Thompson, and Mattsson and Holm specimens have been removed after 2 years and 7 years and further specimens remain exposed for removal after 20 years. The numbers of materials tested are given in Table 4.11 they included brasses, nickel silvers, cupro-nickels, beryllium coppers and various bronzes. Mattsson and Holm tested 14 alloys in the form of rod in addition to the sheet materials, the results for which are given in Table 4.11. 

Alloys are metallic materials prepared by mixing two or more molten metals. They are used for many purposes, such as construction, and are central to the transportation and electronics industries. Some common alloys are listed in Table 5.5. In homogeneous alloys, atoms of the different elements are distributed uniformly. Examples include brass, bronze, and the coinage alloys. Heterogeneous alloys, such as tin-lead solder and the mercury amalgam sometimes used to fill teeth, consist of a mixture of crystalline phases with different compositions. 

What metals are the primary components of bronze (You might want to refer to Table 5.5.)... 

The first alloys made by humans were probably those of copper, namely, bronze and brass, which were already being made during the Chalcolithic period (see Table 33). The most important, however, later became the alloys of iron, known as the ferrous alloys (from the Latin word ferrum, for iron). Since iron ores are one of the most abundant metalliferous ores on the crust of the earth, and its alloys are relatively easy to produce, ferrous alloys have been the most widely used alloys for the last three millennia (see Table 34). 

Mixing molten copper with other metals yields a variety of alloys, such as bronze when alloyed with tin, brass with zinc, and arsenical copper with arsenic (see Table 34 and text below). All these alloys have extremely good mechanical and working properties and have, therefore, been employed for applications requiring strength and hardness (West 1982). 

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