Briggs and Rauscher

The field of oscillating reactions, or periodic reactions, or chemical clocks, came out of this background indeed quite a number of chemical systems have been described, which show this oscillating, periodic, regular behavior (Field, 1972 Briggs and Rauscher, 1973 Shakhashiri, 1985 Noyes, 1989 Pojman etal, 1994 Jimenez-Prieto etal., 1998). 

Briggs and Rauscher discovered an oscillating reaction which is identified as an iodine clock. It resembles the iodate-hydrogen peroxide reaction of Bray (1921), and has some of the elements of the reaction of Belousov, see Section III.C. The chemicals involved are ... 

Later on Briggs and Rauscher combined the hydrogen peroxide and iodate of the BL reaction with the malonic acid and manganese ions of the BZ reaction, and discovered the... 

Although the BZ reaction is the most famous oscillating reaction, the best demonstration is the Briggs-Rauscher reaction (Briggs and Rauscher, 1973). It oscillates dependably, colorfully, and rapidly, making it an ideal classroom demonstration. 

As more chemists began to study the BZ and Bray reactions, several variants (Orban and Koros,[ 10] Bowers, et al.,[H] ) and hybrids (Briggs and Rauscher, [12]) of these reactions were developed. However, no chemical oscillators with chemistry fundamentally different from that of the two accidentally discovered prototypes were found, and one might summarize the sources of oscillatory reactions prior to I980 as ... 

Briggs, T. and Rauscher, W. (1973). An oscillating iodine clock. J. Chem. Educ., 50,... 

Another method is based on the inhibitory effects of free-radical scavengers toward the oscillations of the Briggs-Rauscher (BR) reaction (Cervellati and others 2001). The... 

Cervellati R, Honer K, Furrow SD, Neddens C and Costa S. 2001. The Briggs-Rauscher reaction as a test to measure the activity of antioxidants. Helv Chim Acta 84(12) 3533-3547. 

Cervellati R, Renzulli C, Guerra MC and Speroni E. 2002. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some natural polyphenolic compounds using the Briggs-Rauscher reaction method. J Agric Food Chem 50(26) 7504-7509. 

Honer K and Cervellati R. 2003. Determination of the antioxidative capacity of apples using the Briggs-Rauscher method. Ernahrungs-Umschau 50(1) 13. 

Kljusuric GJ, Djanovic S, Kruhak I, Kovacevic Ganic K, Komes D and Kurtanjek Z. 2005. Application of Briggs-Rauscher reaction for measurement of antioxidant capacity of Croatian wines. Acta Aliment 34(4) 483 192. 

The chlorite-iodate-arsenite oscillator was the first oscillating reaction discovered which is based upon chlorite chemistry. The BZ reaction and its relatives are bromate oscillators, while the BL and Briggs-Rauscher oscillators are iodate systems. The initial chlorite oscillator was rapidly followed by a large family of related systems58"60, which are summarized in Table 8. We note that while most of these systems contain an iodine species (I-, I2, IOf) as well as the chlorite, at least two iodine-free chlorite oscillators exist. 

Fig. IH.5. a) Simple and complex oscillations of 12 for the Briggs-Rauscher reaction under different conditions, b) the limit cycle and the E, I2-plane (After Boissonade and de Kepper (1980))...

Zhabotinskii and his colleagues, also Marek and Svobodova (1973) recognized the double periodic solutions, which were further applied by Boissonade in studying the Briggs-Rauscher oscillations, see Section III.B, Fig. III.9. 

Table III.B.2. New Substrates and Media for the Briggs-Rauscher Reaction...

De Kepper and Epstein (1982) identified ten reactions in the Briggs-Rauscher (B-R) system. These reactions overlap those proposed by Noyes and Furrow (1982) and by Cooke (1980-2). The regions of oscillations for the initial values of I2 and 10 j" were identified. By numerical simulations oscillations were obtained. 

Briggs-Rauscher) and bromate oscillators (Belousov-Zhabotinskii), these new reactions are chlorite oscillators. For the chlorite oscillators, Orban et al. (1982-3) have also given a preliminary classification. 

Chemically coupled oscillation in batch reactor involving the use of two or more organic substrates in case of B-Z oscillator and Briggs-Rauscher [58] have been studied. Both systems exhibited a bust of oscillations, characteristic of one substrate followed by a quiescent period and then a bust of oscillations characteristic of the other substrate. 

Vukojevic, V., Sorensen, P.G., and Hynne, F., Quenching analysis of the Briggs-Rauscher reaction, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 4091-4100, 1993. 

In the physical sciences, many natural and man-made systems exhibit instabilities, in particular, dampened, indefinitely periodic and undampened oscillations. Such oscillations are found in mechanical systems, electrical systems, biological systems and indeed chemical systems. Perhaps the most well-known chemical oscillations are those associated with the liquid phase redox systems, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky system which is cerium catalysed and the Briggs-Rauscher system which is manganese catalysed and their related chemistries [81], which, in addition to showing temporal oscillations, may show spatio-temporal oscillations as well in both 3D and 2D environments. Most of the conceptual foundations for this area can be traced back to the mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing and his seminal paper in which he proposed the existence of aU these classes of chemical oscillations [82]. 

Figure 4.5 (a) Phase portrait of an oscillation in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction. The time interval between points is 12 s. (b) Temporal evolution of u ([ ]) corresponding to phase-space behavior in part a. (Adapted from De Kepper and Epstein, 1982.)... 

Variants of the double autocatalysis mechanism occur in the Limited Explodator model of the BZ reaction (Noszticzius et al., 1984a) and the Briggs-Rauscher oscillator (De Kepper and Epstein, 1982). 

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