Bridgeman method

Fig. 5.9 Ne field ion images of a GP[1] zone emerging from a (024) plane of an Al-4 wt% Cu alloy. This alloy was grown by Bridgeman method. After a homogenizing treatment at 793 K for 1.7 x lOf5 s, single crystal samples with a longer axis parallel to [001] were prepared. They were quenched into ice water and then aged at 403 K for 6 x 104 s under the tensile stress of 73.5 MPa along the [001]. Between a and b, 11 (024) layers were field evaporated, and between b and c, 16 more layers were evaporated. The distance between two Cu atoms should be 9.06 A as is shown in d. (Courtesy of M. Wada.)...

See T.C. Harman J. Electron. Mater. 1, 230 (1972), for a report of a recent method and for references to methods developed earlier. Crystals for detectors are still grown often by methods closely related to the modified Bridgeman method developed originally by P.W.Kruse and coworkers in the early 1960s at the Honeywell Corporate Research Center see P.W.Kruse Appl. Opt. 4, 687 (1965)... 

Figure 36 Schematic of the Bridgeman crystal growth method (a). Vemeuil crystal growth method (b)...

Bridgeman (23) calculated Cp2Na , CpjK, and Cp2Rb using DFT methods (BP and VWN) and showed that calculated geometries were in reasonable... 

Whereas the Czochralski method requires rather elaborate equipment to obtain single crystals of good quality, the Bridgeman (Stockbarger) method uses a fairly simple apparatus. This is shown in the following diagram ... 

The problems in getting a "seed" to form in the Bridgeman crucible was, perhaps, the basis for a new and different type of crystal growth based upon a variation of the Kjnropolous method. It was noted that if one could get the melt to "super-cool" (that is- not crystallize when the melt temperature was lowered just slightly below the crystallization temperature), one could then induce rapid crystallization by "touching" the surface of the super-cooled melt with a seed of the same material. In... 

Thus, pressure-explicit equations of state for pure substance 1 (for the first integral) and for the gas mixture (the second integral) are required. Five different equations of state have been used in the analysis of this system (1) the five-constant Beattie-Bridgeman equation (2) the eight-constant Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation (3) the twelve-constant modified Martin-Hou equation and (4) and (5), the virial equation using two sets of virial coefficients. The first of these uses pure-substance second and third virial coefficients calculated from the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential with interaction coefficients determined by the method of Ewald [ ]. The second set differs only in the second virial coefficients and interaction coefficient, these being found using the Kihara potential Solutions of the theoretical equa-... 

Bridgeman and Nelson deduced the heat release rate from the temperature rise in the combustion products evolved by using radiating heat and an igniting flame. Their method was submitted as a recommendation for ASTM standardization. ... 

Evaporating solid polymeric particles (accompanied by considerable pyrolysis) and codepositing the volatile products (mostly radicals) with the metal vapor are used less often. This technique is employed for the formation of 10-mn-diameter copper islets in a polyethylene matrix. The explosive evaporation of a metal wire coated with a polymer and pulsed mechanochemical interactions (of the Bridgeman anvil type), etc. are the modifications of this method. Recently, interest has been shown in the ionic spraying of metals onto polymeric surfaces. Studies of the vacuum deposition of Au and Zn on PE and PTFE should be noted. " ... 

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