Breathing rate variability

As with the heart, the variability of breathing rate using breath-to-breath time intervals is denoted by breathing rate variability (BRV), to maintain a consistent notation. Examples of HRV and BRV time series data on which scaling calculations are based are shown in Fig. 4. A typical BRV time series for a senior citizen at rest is shown at the top of the figure the simultaneous HRV time series for the same person is depicted at the bottom of the figure. Because... 

The breathing rate data used to define the BR variable were adapted from the reported distribution generated from Shamoo et al.3 In the Shamoo study, a different distribution was identified for several activity patterns, and for this simulation the slow, medium, and fast rate classifications were combined. The distribution is shown in Figure 3. 

A large sample of data (e.g. n = 1000) is obtained at random and represents a specific stratum of a population of interest, such as a specific age and sex cohort. The data represent observed interindividual variability (e.g. in body weight, in breathing rate). These data can be used to make a best estimate of the unknown population distribution, and conventional statistical methods can be used to infer confidence intervals regarding individual statistics (e.g. the mean) or for the entire observed distribution. 

FICU RE 4.5.1 The optimum point is usually obtained where some dependent variable is minimized for some value of the independent variable. For instance, the rate of respiratory work is minimum at a particular breathing rate. A broad minimum, as seen here, means very little penalty is paid for operating away from the minimum. 

Because of the delay in decomposition of the peroxide, oxygen evolution follows carbon dioxide sorption. A catalyst is required to obtain total decomposition of the peroxides 2 wt % nickel sulfate often is used. The temperature of the bed is the controlling variable 204°C is required to produce the best decomposition rates (18). The reaction mechanism for sodium peroxide is the same as for lithium peroxide, ie, both carbon dioxide and moisture are required to generate oxygen. Sodium peroxide has been used extensively in breathing apparatus. 

The primary side effects associated with alpha-1-specific agonists are caused by excessive stimulation of alpha-adrenergic responses. Some of the more frequent side effects include increased blood pressure, headache, and an abnormally slow heart rate (because of reflex bradycardia). Some patients also report chest pain, difficulty breathing, and feelings of nervousness. These side effects are quite variable and are usually dose-related (i.e., they occur more frequently at higher doses). 

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