Breathing inspiration

Ambient air entering tbe oral cavity during oral breathing confronts a variety of surface structures. Inspired air initially passes between highly vascular lips and across the teeth, w hich can be viewed as a series of heat transfer fins. The tongue and buccal surfaces (both rough, highly vascular... 

Breathing consists of the cyclic action of the lungs to inspire and expire atmospheric gases. Inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, generating a negative pressure in the pleura surrounding... 

Tidal volume (V ) Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath. 

Some Paracelsian alchemists, especially Heinrich Khun rath (ca. 1560-1605) and Stefan Michelspacher (active ca. 1615-23), were objects of persecution on the part of hoth Lutheran and Catholic authorities. Khunrath was an alchemist from Saxony, the heartland of the Reformation, but his theological stance was characteristic of the second generation of Protestants who felt that Luther s work had been left incomplete and that another religious reform was essential. In Khunrath s ideas this would take the form of a Lutheranism that could accommodate an autonomous personal piety. To express their Lutheran piety intellectually the alchemists employed the terms of Paracelsian theosophy, while they found an emotive outlet in the mystical experience of the power and grace of the Holy Spirit. They felt themselves to be inspired (literally breathed ) by the Spirit, a force that they identified with alchemical pneuma. Khunrath called himself an enthusiast, hlled with the presence of the divine. 

The rate and depth of breathing are perfectly adjusted to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues and to maintain a P02 of 100 mmHg, a PC02 of 40 mmHg, and a pH of 7.4 in the arterial blood. Breathing is initiated spontaneously by the central nervous system and occurs in a continuous cyclical pattern of inspiration and expiration. The three major components of the regulatory system for ventilation are ... 

Frequency of action potential generation and duration of this electrical activity to the motor neurons, and therefore the muscles of inspiration and expiration, which determines the depth of breathing, or the tidal volume (as the frequency and duration of stimulation increase, the tidal volume increases)... 

Breathing cycle-inspiration, pause, expiration, pause (3/8, 1/8, 3/8, 1/8)... 

Some zoologists believe this reaction inspired the myth of fire-breathing dragons some large tropical lizards have glands beside their mouths to produce both H2S and S02. Under advantageous conditions, the resultant sulphur reacts so vigorously with the air that flames form as a self-defence mechanism. 

The example of chicken breath was inspired by the article, From chicken breath to the killer lakes of Cameroon uniting seven interesting phenomena with a single chemical underpinning by Ron DeLorenzo, Journal of Chemical Education, 2001, 78(2), 191. The article also discusses boiler scale, the way that carbon dioxide partitions between hzzy drink and the supernatant gases (see p. 165), and stalactites and stalagmites. 

For regions in which the flow is not quasisteady, a transient-flow solution may be possible. For example, Lakin and Lakin and Fox developed a two-dimensional transient-flow solution for an idealized symmetric bifurcation during the period at the end of inspiration and before expiration. Their finding that vortidty decreases at the carina or bifurcation apex suggests that particle- and gas-deposition rates may be increased at these sites in the respiratory tract. It also suggests that reactive-gas deposition rates during normal oscUlatory breathing differ... 

FIGURE 7-S Comparison of dosage of sulfur dioxide and ozone predicted per breath by McJilton et al. for each model s ment. Inhaled concentration = 1,000 ng/m. Tidal volume - 500 cm . Inspiration time expiration time 2 s. Reprinted with permission from McJilton er al. Weibel s generation numbers added. 

The maximum volume of air expired after a maximal forced inspiration The maximum volume of air inspired after a normal tidal inspiration The volume of air entering or leaving the lung at each normal breath The maximum volume of air expired after normal tidal expiration The volume of air left in the lung after a maximal forced expiratory effort... 

Concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air of 12-16% cause tachypnea, tachycardia, and slight incoordination. Air containing 6-10% oxygen causes nausea, lethargic movements, and unconsciousness breathing less than 6% oxygen produces convulsions, followed by apnea and cardiac arrest. ... 

SA/3A ICS followed by 10 s breath-holding coordinate Inhalation and actuation. May be particularly useful in elderly. Requires more rapid inspiration to activate than is optimal for deposition. 

Alveolar tension of a hypothetical anesthetic gas of low solubility after 10 breathing cycles. Alveolar tension approaches inspired tension. 

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