Breast augmentation

Ooi GC, Peh WC, Ip M. Migration and lymphatic spread of calcified paraffinomas after breast augmentation. Australas Radiol 1996 40(4) 404-7. 

Okano Y, Nishikai M, Sato A. Scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Sjogren s syndrome after cosmetic breast augmentation with silicone injection a case report of possible human adjuvant disease. Ann Rheum Dis... 

Concern about the use of silicone in implants and about its possible toxicity have come to public attention based on reports of a high prevalence of connective tissue disease associated with breast augmentation.Silicone appears to induce a response from polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages that bind small particles of silicone and transport them to lymph nodes, where they can accumulate. Other studies do not support a rheumatological role for sil-icone. Quantification of blood or tissue concentrations " correlates with the presence of implants but not with symptoms of joint disease. 

J. Carvajal, J.H. Patino, Mammographic findings after breast augmentation with autologous fat injection, Aesthet. Surg. J. 28 (2(X)8) 153-162. 

It has been estimated that two million American women have undergone breast augmentation or reconstruction since the introduction of the silicone gel-filled elastomer envelope-type prosthesis in the early 1960s [60,61]. The reported cases of systemic sclerosis among this population raise the important question of whether the association between systemic sclerosis and silicone breast implants is a real one. Unfortunately, almost all of the evidence to date is derived from case reports, which are the... 

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, there were 296,203 breast augmentation procedures and 93,083 breast reconstruction procedures performed in the United States in 2010 [ 14]. Approximately half the procedures used saline-filled implants and half used silicone gel-filled implants. The history of breast implants has been very dynamic since its introduction in 1895, and the acceptance level in society has varied with influences from the media and regulatory bodies [15]. There are two main types of breast implants 1) non-silicone shell materials, or 2) silicone elastomer shells filled with either a) silicone gel or b) saline. The historical use of these implants is described below. 

In 1962, Cronin and Gerow implanted silicone shells into dogs, which was a significant change in breast augmentation. The breast implant was crosslinked and reinforced silicone rubber shell that encapsulated a silicone gel or saline solution. The silicone gel comprised crosslinked silicone elastomer, mainly PDMS and a low molecular weight silicone fluid (also PDMS). There were many variations in the PDMS functionalities by different manufacturers to attain desired gel properties. Saline-filled implants were first manufactured as Simaplast in 1965 but did not have the same confluence due to the water-like viscosity of saline as compared to a more viscous gel. 

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