Breaking length

Based on breaking length, which measures strength per unit area. 

Figure 4.5 Relationship between tensile strength of paper (expressed as a breaking length) and the number of fibres which fail during the test.

Several investigators have studied the effects of deacidification on paper. Flieder (7) evaluated several deacidification procedures using breaking length, fold, burst, tear, reflectance, opacity, pH, copper number, and ash as criteria of change. Accelerated aging for 72 h at 105 °C and for 4 h at 87°C and 60% relative humidity was employed as measures... 

Material Tensile strength (MPa) Density (kg dm ) Specific strength (kN mkg ) Breaking length (km)... 

The observation of such oscillations requires temperatures low enough to allow the phase-breaking length of electron scattering 1 to exceeds the circumference of the ring L. For the loop size of the order of L = 1 pm, which is technically reasonable, the condition l > L is valid at T < 1 K. 

Roberts and colleagues [20] conducted an elegant series of experiments in which the breaking length and formation index were measured for different starch additions and contact times. It was concluded that native starch and cationic starch improved paper strength equally at similar formation numbers. 

Type of additive Breaking, length, m Burst Tear Water factor factor absorption, % Air permeability ml/min... 

Paper samples Breaking length, m Burst factor Tear factor Water absorption, %... 

CMP produced from kenaf core using alkaline hydrogen peroxide gave a pulp yield of 80%, breaking length of over 4 km, brightness of 60%, and opacity of 92% [74]. 

Studies have been done on the recycling of kenaf paper [75]. The zero-span breaking length was not affected, but the freeness was significantly reduced. Tear strength increased on the first two recycles, but then decreased after the third cycle. 

Fiber Pulping Process Yield UB B Breaking Length (km) Burst Factor Tear Factor Fold... 

Both the studies of Back and Anderson [68] on the strength properties of press-dried sheets at the surface temperature of 150°C-300°C and Yang et al. [69] on the effect of density on modulus of elasticity of lOT C, 149 C, and 232°C showed no appreciable effect of change in temperature. Setterholm and Benson [70] showed that increased pressure increases the consolidation of the sheet, which is accompanied by increased strength properties such as breaking length and elastic modulus. 

The phrase break length histogram shows a preference for phrase lengths of about 3-6 words, and shows that very long or very short phrases are highly unlikely. Alternatively, we can view this distribution cumulatively, meaning that the longer we have been since the previous phrase... 

In the textile industry, tensile strenths and moduli of elasticity are mostly incorrectly given as mass/titer instead of correctly in terms of mechanical stresses. Consequently, the tensile strengths of the textile industry actually represent breaking lengths (tenacities). In contrast, mechanical stresses as prescribed by the SI system are used for industrial fibers. In this book, tensile strengths and moduli of elasticity will also be given in terms of mechanical stresses so that the mechanical properties of fibers can be compared with those of thermoplasts, elastomers, etc. 

Figure 38-13. Influence of the filament diameter, a, on the modulus of elasticity, , the elongation at break, 6a, and the break length. Lb, of phenolic resin filaments.

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