Branching genes

Ghabrial, A., Levi, B. Krasnow, M. (2011). A systematic screen for tube morphogenesis and branching genes in the Drosophila tracheal system. PLoS Genet 7, el002087. 

C1C-3, -4 and -5 form the second branch of the CLC gene family. These proteins are 80% identical, and with the exception of C1C-5, which is most highly expressed in kidney and intestine, show a broad expression pattern. C1C-3 to C1C-5 reside in intracellular membranes of the endocytotic pathway [4]. Disruption of C1C-5 leads to a defect in endocytosis in mouse... 

A new branch of biology using experiments and computation to gain an understanding of biological systems (e.g. a cell), taking into account complex interactions of genes, proteins, and cell elements. 

Figure 46-1. Diagrammatic representation of the two branches of protein sorting occurring by synthesis on (1) cytosolic and (2) membrane-bound polyribosomes. The mitochondrial proteins listed are encoded by nuclear genes. Some of the signals used in further sorting of these proteins are listed in Table 46-4. (ER, endoplasmic reticulum GA, Golgi apparatus.)...

Bainbridge, K., K. Sorefan et al. (2005). Hormonally controlled expression of the arabidopsis MAX4 shoot branching regulatory gene. Plant J. 44(4) 569-580. 

Fig. 10.11 The modified tree of life still has the usual tree-like structure and also confirms that the eukaryotes originally took over mitochondria and chloroplasts from bacteria. It does, however, also show a network of links between the branches. The many interconnections indicate a frequent transfer of genes between unicellular organisms. The modified tree of life is not derived, as had previously been assumed, from a single cell (the hypothetical primeval cell ). Instead, the three main kingdoms are more likely to have developed from a community of primitive cells with different genomes (Doolittle, 2000)...

Fig. 5.1. The three domains of life in a radial time sequence based on genetic (RNA) analysis. The distinction between anaerobes and aerobes is not made here and the branching to eukaryotes is left unclear. All the domains advanced with time but in very different ways (see Woese, C. (1998) in Further Reading, and Sogin, M. (1993), Science, 260, 340). Note the general gene transfer in prokaryotes and to eukaryotes (see Chapter 7).

Oskuee RK, Philipp A, Dehshahri A, Wagner E, Ramezani M (2010) The impact of carboxyalkylation of branched polyethylenimine on effectiveness in small interfering RNA delivery. J Gene Med 12 729-738... 

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