Brain hippocampus

Oberpichler H, Saner D, Rossberg C, Mennel HD, Krieglstein J. (1990) RAF antagonist ginkgolide B reduces postischemic neuronal damage in rat brain hippocampus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10 133-135. 

Standards prepared in such a way were further used for calibration of LA-ICP-MS measurements of the concentration of selected elements in brain hippocampus... 

Camkla Brain (hippocampus, cortex, brain stem and olfactory bulb) Adrenal gland, liver, lung, every tissue tested (Picciotto et al., 1993 Picciotto et al., 1995 Sawamura et al., 1996)... 

Camkl8 Brain (Hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, spinal cord) Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear leucocytes) (Verploegen et al., 2000 Sakagami et al., 2005)... 

Scherzer CR, Landwehrraeyer GB, Kemer JA, Counihan TJ, Kosinski CM, Standaert DG, Daggett LP, Veli elebi G, Penney Jr JB, Young AB (1998) Expression of A7-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit mRNAs in the human brain hippocampus and cortex. J Comp Neurol 390 75-90. 

Figure 5 Photomicrographs of the comparative distribution of [l25I] [Leu3l,Pro34]PYY binding sites and the Y1 receptor mRNA at the level of the human brain hippocampus. Adjacent coronal sections were incubated with either 35 pM [l25I] [Leu3l,Pro34]PYY in the presence or absence of 1 p.M pNPY and 35S-sense and 35S-antisense of the NPY Y1 receptor mRNA. See list of abbreviations for details of anatomical identification.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are subdivided intoa and P types, each having two isoforms. In rat brain, THR, mRNA is present in hippocampus, hypothalmus, cortex, cerebellum, and amygdala. Thyroxine (l-T (284) and triiodothyronine (l-T ) (285) are endogenous ligands for the THRs. TRIAC (286) is a THR antagonist. Selective ligands for PPARs have yet to be identified (Table 16). 

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is a neuro-trophin, i.e. a target-derived growth factor, which is expressed in the brain predominantly in the hippocampus. It acts through its tyrosine kinase receptor, trkB,... 

Traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of death in subjects under the age of 40, and an important risk factor for AD. Loss of hippocampal cells and depletion of ACh and of muscarinic receptors can be attenuated in injured experimental animals, improve blood perfusion in ischemic areas and increase cholinergic transmission in cortex and hippocampus the same mechanism invoked for treatment of VD. 

Hi-receptors in the adrenal medulla stimulates the release of the two catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline as well as enkephalins. In the heart, histamine produces negative inotropic effects via Hr receptor stimulation, but these are normally masked by the positive effects of H2-receptor stimulation on heart rate and force of contraction. Histamine Hi-receptors are widely distributed in human brain and highest densities are found in neocortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus and posterior hypothalamus where they predominantly excite neuronal activity. Histamine Hrreceptor stimulation can also activate peripheral sensory nerve endings leading to itching and a surrounding vasodilatation ( flare ) due to an axonal reflex and the consequent release of peptide neurotransmitters from collateral nerve endings. 

Collection of interconnected subcortical and cortical brain structures (including hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus) integrating multimodal intero- and exteroceptive information to produce coherent neuroendocrine and behavioral output, and to support memory functions. 

Extrahypothalamic OX-B-like immunoreactivity, reminiscent to that of CRF, has been described in clustered GABAergic neuronal populations, in the lateral division of central nucleus ofthe amygdala, the bednucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the hippocampus. Moreover, ectopic expression of preproorexin mRNA in the gut, ependymal cells, neuroblastomas, and of orexin receptors in adrenal gland, cancer and hematopietic stem cells suggests yet unexplored roles of orexins as paracrine factors controlling blood-brain barrier, and tumor or stem cell function. 

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