Brain examination

Carlsson A., Svennerholm L., Winblad B. (1980). Seasonal and circadian monoamine variations in human brain examined post mortem. Acta Pyschiatr. Scan. Suppl. 280, 275-5. 

Mengod, G., Nguyen, H., Le, H. et al. (1990). The distribution and cellular localization of the serotonin 1C receptor mRNA in the rodent brain examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Comparison with receptor binding distribution. Neuroscience 35, 577-91. 

Likelihood of developing dependence to nicotine will involve specific functional changes in the brain. Examining the detailed genetic basis for these functional changes is difficult in humans, so animal models are needed. Three approaches have been taken to examining genetic influences of the effects of nicotine in rodents namely inbred lines, selectively bred lines and knockout mice. 

Application of 50-250 mg/kg/day of 4-nitrophenol to the skin of rats for 120 days had no effect on the weight or the gross and microscopic appearance of the brain (Angerhofer 1985). Information regarding the areas of the brain examined was not provided. However, since neurological tests were not performed, a reliable NOAEL for neurological effects cannot be determined. 

Vilaro MT, Palacios JM, Mengod G. 1990. Localization of m5 muscarinic receptor mRNA in rat brain examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neurosci Lett 114 ... 

Table 4.1 Proportion of brains examined having expected CNS tissue distribution of carboplatin when infused with rigid catheter...

The main diagnostic practices with radiopharmaceuticals are the procedures for bone, cardiovascular, lung perfusion, lung ventilation, thyroid scan, thyroid uptake, renal, liver/ spleen, and brain examinations. The effective doses per procedure are considerably higher and are 4.5 mSv, 8 mSv, 1.5 mSv, 1 mSv, 3.4 mSv, 15 mSv, 1.9 mSv, 1.7 mSv, and 6 mSv, respectively, and the number of procedures per 1,000 population are 4.5, 2.7, 1.8, 0.34, 4.1, 0.92, 0.89, 2.1, and 1.3, respectively for countries at health-care level I. But patients near to the end of their lives receive many of these exposures, and thus the doses are not distributed evenly among the population. Therefore, these doses should not be used for the assessment of detrimental effects of radiation exposure. 

Wernicke-type pathology may be more common than suspected clinically. Of 51 cases detected at autopsy by Harper (1979) (2% of all the brains examined), only seven were suspected during life. Most of the patients were alcoholics, and ten died unexpectedly. Such evidence suggests that subclinical forms of the disease affect cognitive function. 

The organ and tissue absorbed doses were measured for three different pediatric CTs, and was observed that the highest average absorbed dose is to the brain and eye lens for the brain examination (Brady et al., 2011). Radiation is attenuated by different materials. Putting shields between the person and the radiation source will reduce the amount of radiations. 

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