Br0nsted, Johannes

In 1922, Johannes Nicolaus Br0nsted estabhshed an empirical relation for the activity coefficients in dilute electrolyte solutions ... 

The limitations of the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases are overcome by a more general theory, called the Bronsted-Lowry theory. This theory was proposed independently, in 1923, by Johannes Br0nsted, a Danish chemist, and Thomas Lowry, an English chemist. It recognizes an acid-base reaction as a chemical equilibrium, having both a forward reaction and a reverse reaction that involve the transfer of a proton. The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids and bases as follows ... 

A more general theory of acids and bases was devised independently by Johannes Br0n-sted (Denmark) and Thomas M. Lowry (England) in 1923. In the Br0nsted-Lowry approach, an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor. The reaction that occurs between an acid and a base is proton transfer. 

Arrhenius s definitions of acids and bases are limited in that they apply only to aqueous solutions. Broader definitions were proposed by the Danish chemist Johannes Brpnsted in 1932 a Br0nsted acid is a proton donor, and a Br0nsted base is a proton acceptor. Note that Brpnsted s definitions do not require acids and bases to be in aqueous solution. 

Johannes Nicolaus Br0nsted (1879-1947). Danish chemist. In addition to his theory of acids and bases, Br0nsted worked on thermodynamics and die separation of mercury into its isotopes. 

In 1923, the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Br0nsted (1879-1947) introduced a new view of acids and bases (see page 70). An acid was defined as a compound tending to give up a proton (or hydrogen ion), while a base was one tending to combine with a proton. This new view accounted for all the facts already satisfactorily accounted for by the old view. In addition, however, it represented a greater flexibility that made it possible to extend acid-base notions into areas in which the old view was inadequate. 

According to Johannes Nicolaus Br0nsted and Thomas Lowry, an acid is a substance or more generally a type of particle (be it neutral or ionic) that tends to release protons p (H" ions). It represents a proton donor for which we will use the abbreviations HA or BH", ... 

In 1923, two independent scientists, Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry, defined acids to be proton donors and bases to be proton acceptors. Continuing to work with the concept of hydrogen in acids and bases, Bronsted and Lowry each independently defined a new set of conditions that has come to be known as the Br0nsted-Lowry model. 

In 1923, a theory for acids and bases was developed by two Danish chanists, Johannes Br0nsted and Niels Bjerrum, and independently by the English chanist Martin Lowry. The chemical equilibrium between adds and bases is given by... 

In 1923, Johannes Br0nsted in Denmark and Thomas Lowry in England proposed an acid-base theory that took into account this behavior of hydrogen ions. They defined an acid as any hydrogen-containing snbstance that donates a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance and a base as any substance that accepts a proton. 

Johannes Brpnsted and Thomas Lowry proposed a theory in which acids are defined as any hydrogen-containing substances capable of donating protons to other substances. Bases are substances that accept and form covalent bonds with protons. When a substance behaves as a Br0nsted acid by donating a proton, the substance becomes a conjugate base. 

In 1923 the Danish chemist Johannes N. Brpnsted (1879-1947) and, independently, the British chemist Thomas M. Lowry (1874-1936) pointed out that acid-base reactions can be seen as proton-transfer reactions and that acids and bases can be defined in terms of this proton (H ) transfer. According to the Br0nsted-Lowry concept, an acid is the species donating a proton in a proton-transfer reaction. A base is the species accepting the proton in a proton-transfer reaction. ... 

The shortcomings of the Arrhenius theory led chemists to seek other explanations for the nature of acids and bases. The Br0nsted-Lowry theory was introduced independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Brqnsted and the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. Their theory explained the behaviour of all of the acids and bases covered by the Arrhenius theory, but also was able to resolve some of the problems with that theory. That is, they were able to explain why some salts are acidic and basic (due to salt hydrolysis) and why no free protons are found in the solutions of some acids. 

Johannes Nicolaus Brdnsted (1879-1947). Danish chemist. In addition to his theory of acids and bases, Br0nsted worked on thermodynamics and the separation of mercury into its isotopes. In some books. Brpnsted acids and bases are called Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. Thomas Martin Lowry (1874—1936). English chemist. Brpnsted and Lowry developed essentially the same acid-base theory independently in 1923. 

Professor Johannes Nicolaus Br0nsted (1879-1947), University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Professor Thomas Martin Lowry (1874-1936), University of Cambridge, England. 

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