Boyle time

In addition to data already supplied in 6.5 (and repeated here), the Boyle time has been measured as 3.75 seconds. The Table below gives data (see 6.5) at the maximum accumulated pressure of 2 6 bara... 

This method116181 relies on emptying the reactor by two-phase relief in the time taken for the pressure to rise from the relief pressure to the maximum accumulated pressure in an adiabatic closed reactor. This time is defined as the Boyle time and is illustrated in Figure A5.2. 

The Boyle time, AtB, is best evaluated experimentally using a suitable calorimeter (see Annex 2). Alternatively, it can be calculated if suitable kinetic data are available. However, it can be unwise to extrapolate such data to temperatures above those used to obtain the data. 

Boyle time time for pressure to rise from relief pressure to maximum... 

Figure 1 shows second virial coefficients for four pure fluids as a function of temperature. Second virial coefficients for typical fluids are negative and increasingly so as the temperature falls only at the Boyle point, when the temperature is about 2.5 times the critical, does the second virial coefficient become positive. At a given temperature below the Boyle point, the magnitude of the second virial coefficient increases with... 

Using cm as unit surface and seconds as unit time, n is the number of molecules falling on 1 cm /sec. The number n thus denotes the number of molecules striking each cm of the surface every second, and this number can be calculated using Maxwell s and the Boyle-Gay Lussac equations. The number n is directly related to the speed of the molecules within the system. It is important to realize that the velocity of the molecules is not dependent on the pressure of the gas, but the mean free path is inversely proportional to the pressure. Thus ... 

Boyle [25] developed Equation 12-16 by defining the required area as the size that would empty the reaetor before the pressure eould rise above some allowable pressure for a given vessel. The mass flux G is given by Equations 12-12 or 12-15, and the venting time is given by... 

As oil is pumped into the accumulator, compressing the nitrogen, the nitrogen temperature increases (Charles law). Therefore, the amount of oil stored will not be quite as much as calculated with Boyle s law unless sufficient time is allowed for the accumulator to cool to atmospheric temperature. Likewise, when oil is discharged, the expanding nitrogen is cooled. So, the discharge volume... 

In 1661 Robert Boyle published a book under this title, originally in Latin, but soon also in modern languages (reprinted 1911 and 1937 in Everyman s Library). It was very influential at its time because of Boyle s critical attitude. 

At the time of writing, Catherine Boyle workedfor the Food Standards Agency but has since moved to SEAC. 

In Boyle s work the pressure was subsequently plotted as a function of the reciprocal of the volume, as calculated here in the third column of Thble 1. The graph of P vs. l/V is shown in Fig. lb. This result provided convincing evidence of the relation given by Eq. (3), the mathematical statement of Boyle s law. Clearly, the slope of the straight tine given in Fig. 1 b yields a value of C(T) at die temperature of the measurements [Eq. (3)] and hence a value of the gas constant 17. However, the significance of the temperature was not understood at the time of Boyle s observations. 

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) studied the effect of changing the pressure of a gas on its volume at constant temperature. He measured the volume of a given quantity of gas at a given pressure, changed its pressure, and measured the volume again. He obtained data similar to the data shown in Table 11-1. After repeating the process many times with several different gases, he concluded that... 

The term inversely proportional in the statement of Boyle s law means that as the pressure increases, the volume becomes smaller by the same factor. That is, if the pressure is doubled, the volume is halved if the pressure goes up to 8 times its previous value, the volume goes down to times its previous value. This relationship can be represented mathematically by any of the following ... 

Ans. (a) The volume will increase by a factor of (2) = 8. (b) The pressure will fall to one-eighth its original value, (c) In each direction, the molecules would hit the wall only half as often and the force on each wall would drop to half of what it was originally. Each wall has 4 times the area, and so the pressure will be reduced to one-fourth its original value because of this effect. The total reduction in pressure is X = in agreement with Boyle s law. 

Because of their high heat capacity, only few of the thermometers described in Chapter 9 can be used as sensors for detectors. Resistance (carbon) sensors were used for the first time in a cryogenic detector by Boyle and Rogers [12] in 1959. The carbon bolometer had a lot of advantages over the existing infrared detectors [13]. It was easy to build, inexpensive and of moderate heat capacity due to the low operating temperature. 

Zinc concentrations in freshwater, seawater, groundwater, sewage sludge, sediments, and soils are listed in Table 9.3. These data are considered reliable, although clean-laboratory techniques suggest that dissolved Zn concentrations in nonpolluted rivers may be 10 to 100 times lower than previously reported (Shiller and Boyle 1985). 

J. G. Boyle and C. M. Whitehouse. Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry with an Electrospray Ion Beam. Anal. Chem., 64(1992) 2084-2089. 

The processes described and their kinetics is of importance in the accumulation of trace metals by calcite in sediments and lakes (Delaney and Boyle, 1987) but also of relevance in the transport and retention of trace metals in calcareous aquifers. Fuller and Davis (1987) investigated the sorption by calcareous aquifer sand they found that after 24 hours the rate of Cd2+ sorption was constant and controlled by the rate of surface precipitation. Clean grains of primary minerals, e.g., quartz and alumino silicates, sorbed less Cd2+ than grains which had surface patches of secondary minerals, e.g., carbonates, iron and manganese oxides. Fig. 6.11 gives data (time sequence) on electron spin resonance spectra of Mn2+ on FeC03(s). 

Constructivist sociologists of science, more than historians, have entered where Foucault declined to tread, dealing not only with the "big science" of modem times but with the classical period of Robert Boyle and the early Royal Society. Bruno Latour, Steven Shapin, and Simon Schaffer have emphasized social and discursive strategies of coercion and persuasion, marshaled by scientific protagonists who mimic codes of behavior ordinarily associated with the battlefield or the salon.5 This is a sociology of confrontation and conquest that emphasizes the contingent personal and cultural forms that scientific discourse can assume. 

Chemistry as distinct from Alchemy and iatro-chemistry commenced with Robert Boyle (see plate 15), who first clearly recognised that its aim is neither the transmutation of the metals nor the preparation of medicines, but the observation and generalisation of a certain class of phenomena who denied the validity of the alchemistic view of the constitution of matter, and enunciated the definition of an element which has since reigned supreme in Chemistry and who enriched the science with observations of the utmost importance. Boyle, however, was a man whose ideas were in advance of his times, and intervening between the iatro-chemical period and the Age of Modem Chemistry proper came the period of the Phlogistic Theory — a theory which had a certain affinity with the ideas of the alchemists. 

Another great scientist who lived around the same time as Isaac, in the seventeenth century, was Robert Boyle. Robert discovered one of the fundamental laws about gases.This law, called Boyle s law, states that when pressure increases on a gas, the volume decreases (as long as the temperature stays the same). If you close the opening of a bicycle pump and press down on the handle, the volume decreases but the pressure increases. It gets harder and harder to push. Robert had discovered the law, but he didn t know why gases acted this way and no one else did either. 

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