Bottom-up process

Development projects should change from top-down processes towards bottom-up processes (see Extension method is top down). 

Particles can either be produced by bottom-up processes (e.g. precipitation) or top-down approaches (e.g. wet milling). In these processes particle-particle interactions become relevant when the particle size is below 1 pm. Engineering macroscopic product properties is then only possible through tailored surface and interfacial properties, no matter whether a bottom-up process like precipitation [11] or a top-down process such as milling in stirred media mills [12] is studied. Aggregation is an important aspect in both processes which are studied in the following. 

In a detailed bottom-up process which involved surveys among customers, employees, management, and external opinion leaders, the core contents of the old company brands Degussa, Hills, SKW, Rohm, and Goldschmidt were analyzed. Internal and external sources turned out to connect four attributes with all five companies reliability, ability to innovate, uniqueness of products and services, and intelligent linking. 

Top management should also attempt to quantify this additional potential in the top-down and bottom-up process, even though it is usually much less obvious than the short-term synergy potential. Cross-functional teams, external benchmarking comparisons, and the systematic revisiting of the strategic plans of both companies are typical tools for this task. 

It is attractive to imagine that all we have to do to ensure learning in students is to analyze the task we wish to teach, which is a top-down process, and then teach the various pieces of the hierarchy, which is a bottom-up process. Under this model of instruction, we start with the elements in the lowest boxes at the bottom of the hierarchy, provide instruction on all elements at this level, move up a level and do the same thing, and continue until we reach the top of the tree. 

Several methods can be applied for preparation of nanosuspensions using bottom-up processes, of which the following are worthy of mention ... 

The associated bottom-up process thus relies on the identification of building blocks connected by weak (i.e., noncovalent) interactions and possessing specific physicochemical properties, which can be further tuned by intercomponent communications operating at the (supra)molec-ular level (Lehn, 1995). 

Widely spread bottom-up processes consist of nanoparticle assembling from the separate atoms or ions by means of their reduction in the presence of a polymer matrix (or its precursor). Such a process can be represented by the following stages [1] ... 

In fact, there are many publications describing the modeling of the bottom-up processes [7-8], whereas the up-down processes have been studied very little. Therefore, the objective of this work is the investigation... 

Recently, bottom-up processes utilizing self-assembly have been developed that could become the next generation of nanostructure processing, as they overcome the problems listed above. In particular, self-assembling copolymers have attracted much attention as potential nanostructuring agents over the past decades and are still subject to ongoing research [3]. The most important near-term application is their use in the microelectronics industry as etch mask with pattern dimensions far below the optical diffraction limit [4]. 

Unsafe behavior (hazards) at the system level can be mapped into hazardous behaviors at the component or subsystem level. Note, however, that the reverse (bottom-up) process is not possible, that is, it is not possible to identify the system-level hazards by looking only at individual component behavior. Safety is a system property, not a component property. Consider an automated door system. One... 

Safety is integrated into both development and operations. Safety activities employ a mixture of top-down engineering or reengineering and bottom-up process improvement. 

Taylor NJ, LaineRM (2014) Extrusion of YAG tubes shows that bottom-up processing is not always optimal. Adv Eunct Mater 24 1125-1132... 

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