Botanical aspects

More than 2000 cultivars derived from these 3 or 5 of the wild species have been developed (Tewksbnry et al. 2006 and references therein). These anthors estimated a total nnmber of 23-27 wild species. 

From the economic-botanical point of view comprehensive descriptions of cultivated Capsicum species and varieties, discussions on hybrids as well as taxonomic aspects have been compiled and discussed recently by Basu and De (2003). 

Commercial fruits cultivated in Europe and northern America were usually obtained from different cultivars of C. annuum var. annuum, those in tropical Asia and Africa from C. chinense/C. frutescens and in Brazil from C. baccatum var. pendulum (Jurenitsch and Kasmer 1994). Bell pepper is obtained from non-pungent cultivars of C. annuum var. grossum. 

Metabolism of Capsaicinoids. Turnover and degradation during fruit development is possible. The role of peroxidases in capsaicinoid oxidation has been reviewed in detail recently (Diaz et al. 2004 and references therein). 5,5 -Dicapsaicin and 4 -0-5-dicapsaicin ether were obtained from the oxidation of capsaicin by pepper Bg peroxidase/H O (radical-radical coupling reactions). Indeed, a first capsaicinoid dimer, 6 ,7 -dihydro-5, 5 -dicapsaicin, has been discovered as a constituent of C. annuum fruits (Ochi et al. 2003). 

Addition. Capsinoids. From the fraits of a non-pungent cultivar (CH-19 Sweet) of C. annuum Kobata et al. (1998,1999) could isolate A-free analogues of three major capsaicinoids. They were characterized as esters of vanillyl alcohol and the same fatty acids, which represent the acyl residues in capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihy-drocapsaicin, respectively. Consequently, these esters were named capsiate (vanillyl tranx-8-methyl-non-6-enoate), dihydrocapsiate, andnordihydrocapsiate. Furthermore, the authors proposed the term capsinoids for this novel group of metabolites, which could be detected also in several further cultivars of the species. 

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Bogdanov, S., Haldimann, M., Luginbiihl, W., and Gallmann, P. (2007). Minerals in honey Environmental, geographical and botanical aspects. /. Apicult. Res. Bee World 46,269-275. 

The negative view of the mushrooms prevailed. Spanish mycophobia succeeded in stamping out the mushroom cult as a major force in Mexican culture. Only a handful of remote mountain tribes preserved the customs and rituals of what must once have been a splendid and powerful system of worship and magic. So complete was the neglect and ignorance in the Western world of this botanical aspect of Mexican religion, that in 1915 a reputable American botanist, William E. Safford, read a paper before a learned society claim-... 

Anderson presented the results of twenty-five years of study of its botanical aspects, concluding that "Lophophora seems to stand by itself in possessing a particular combination of morphological characters unlike any other group of cacti."... 

Baumann BB (1960) The botanical aspects of Ancient Egyptian embalming and burial. Econ Bot 14 84-104... 

The content of the book draws heavily on the work of our laboratory, particularly on the chemistry of hop bitter acids, to an extent which may seem excessive to some readers, especially compared to chapters on general aspects of hops and on the analysis of bitter acids. These are indeed far from complete and even more reflect our subjective views. A book covering all aspects of hops science would, however, fill several volumes as large as the present one. The botanic aspects, the harvesting. 

Guzman-Maldonado, S.H., and Paredes-Lopez, O., Functional products of plants indigenous to Latin America amaranth, quinoa, common beans, and botanicals, in Functional Foods Biochemical and Processing Aspects, Mazza, G., Ed., Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA, 1998, 293. 

Schultes, R. E., and Farnsworth, N. R. (1980) Ethnomedical, botanical and phytochemical aspects of natural hallucinogens. Botan. Museum Leaflets (Harvard University), 28 123-214. 

About 200 plant species from 40 families were collected in small quantities, selection was made randomly as well as considering ethnobotanical information obtained from Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Random acquisition of available plant species is one approach. Maximum diversity in the botanical and geographical sources of the plant samples collected is preferred feature, and Turkey has an advantageous in this aspect [4-7]. 

SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS Botanical classification Chemical constituents of feverfew Biological activity... 

Unique Discovery Aspects of Utilizing Botanical Sources... 

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