Bose-Einstein condensate BEC and

After years of pioneering efforts atomic hydrogen has now been successfully cooled to a sufficiently low temperature for Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) and high precision spectroscopy. 

The realization of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) and quantum degenerate Fermi gases with cold atoms has been one of the highlights of experimental atomic physics during the last decade [1]. In view of recent progress in the experimental work on the production of cold molecules we expect a similarly spectacular... 

Pure magnetic traps have also been used to study cold collisions and tliey are critical for tire study of dilute gas-phase Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in which collisions figure importantly. We anticipate, tlierefore, tliat magnetic traps will play an increasingly important role in future collision studies in and near BEC conditions. 

Abstract Using our Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) machine and the Bragg spectroscopy technique we study excitation evolution and decay in BEC. New results have been achieved with this system, and are reported here. We also develop various theoretical models for simulating atomic optical behavior in dynamically changing trapping schemes. 

Because the first models of the physics of superconductivity were based on the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) it is not surprising that the existence of the Josephson effect has also been postulated for cold-atom systems in the BEC state [11]. In both superconductors and BEC cold-atom systems, the Josephson effect arises from the approximation of non-conservation of particle number, which gives rise to a phase type of order parameter F(x) and concomitant wave phenomena, described at T = 0 by the Gross-Pitaevski equation " ... 

More than 70 years ago, Albert Einstein, extending work by the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, predicted that at extremely low temperatures gaseous atoms of certain elements would merge or condense to form a single entity and a new form of matter. Unlike ordinary gases, liquids, and solids, this supercooled substance, which was named the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), would contain no individual atoms because the original atoms would overlap one another, leaving no space in between. 

At this stage, we recognize that our theory of thermoreversible gelation is mathematically analogous to those we encounter in the study of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in ideal Bose gases [4,21]. The number density N/V and the pressure p of an ideal Bose gas consisting of N molecules confined in a volume V is given by... 

Lyotropic liquid crystal phases has been observed when l-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (CnmimBr) was mixed with p-xylene and water. SAXS, POM, NMR and rheology measurements were performed to investigate the lyotropic liquid crystal phases. A lyotropic bicontinuous cubic phase formed in imidazolium-type ionic liquid (IL) system was found for the first time. The strong %-% stacking of imidazolium based ILs and their 71-cation interactions with p-xylene molecules have unique effect on the structural parameters.Description of NMR of quadrupolar systems using the Holstein-Primakoff (HP) formalism and its analogy with a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) system has been presented. Two nuclear spin... 

In sufficiently cold and dense atomic samples, where the thermal de Broglie wavelength becomes comparable to the mean separation between the atoms, so-called Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) can occur. In this case the atomic matter waves overlap and the indistinguishability of atoms becomes... 

From the December 22, 1995 when the Science magazine declared the Bose condensate as the molecule of the year , the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC, in short), basically viewed as the macroscopic occupation of the same single-particle state in a many-body systems of bosons, had received new impetus both at theoretical and experimental levels in searching and comprehending new states of matter (Anderson et al., 1995 Ketterle, 2002). However, with the ever increasing number of experiments revealing quantum phase transitions at atomic scales (Yukalov, 2004), the need for accurate models for this new state of matter became imperative. Yet, although powerful variational and perturbation methods are available (Kleinert et al., 2004), a basic approach, centered on the key object of BEC - die bosonic gas density /> - it is not yet systematically developed and implemented (Vetter, 1997). 

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