Boron phosphorus

The reactions described so far can be considered as alkylation, alkenylation, or alkynylation reactions. In principle all polar reactions in syntheses, which produce monofunctional carbon compounds, proceed in the same way a carbanion reacts with an electropositive carbon atom, and the activating groups (e.g. metals, boron, phosphorus) of the carbanion are lost in the work-up procedures. We now turn to reactions, in which the hetero atoms of both the acceptor and donor synthons are kept in a difunctional reaction produa. 

InP, in the range 10 —10 cm . Boron, phosphorus, and other shallow impurities can be detected in silicon in concentrations approaching 10 cm . Copper contamination at Si surfaces has been detected down to 10 cm levels. ... 

Fluondes of boron, phosphorus, and antimony react with hydrogen fluoride, producing complex fluoroboric, fluorophosphoric, and fluoroantimonic acid,... 

Semiconductor properties are imparted by doping its structure with boron, phosphorus, or arsenic atoms. Silicon is relatively inert chemically but is attacked by halogens and dilute alkalies. It has good optical transmission especially in the infra-red. 

Silicon s atomic structure makes it an extremely important semiconductor. Highly purified silicon, doped with such elements as boron, phosphorus, and arsenic, is the basic material used in computer chips, transistors, sUicon diodes, and various other electronic circuits and electrical-current switching devices. Silicon of lesser purity is used in metallurgy as a reducing agent and as an alloying element in steel, brass, and bronze. 

The 3IP NMR chemical shifts, shown in Table IV, should be a useful indicator of the electronic environment at phosphorus. Almost all the 3IP chemical shifts are upfield (negative 8 values) in contrast to the boron-phosphorus compounds where downfield shifts (positive 8 values) are observed. This can be interpreted in terms of weak gallium-phosphorus it-... 

Interaction of the lithium derivative with a range of chloro- and fluoro-derivatives of arsenic, boron, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur during warming to 25°C tended to be violently exothermic in absence of solvent. Thionyl chloride reacted with explosion. See Hexafluoroisopropylideneamine Butyllithium See other jv-metal derivatives... 

Two approaches have been used in the synthesis of these types of compounds. Small boron-phosphorus ring compounds can serve as building blocks, and addition and elimination reactions with other main group elements can then extend the cage structure (see Schemes 23 and 24, Section 12.12.6.4.5). Alternatively, an unsaturated carbenoid fragment can be added to the bicyclic fragment as illustrated in Scheme 31 <1998IC490>. 

Atomic absorption spectrometric methods and, more recently, the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission method, are, of course, mandatory if determination of elements is required (arsenic, selenium, boron, phosphorus and silicon). 

Boron-11 resonance has been rather frequently investigated in boron containing phosphorus compounds which, in most instances, were borane- or boron halide-adducts (see Section IV). Some data are nevertheless available for typical boron-phosphorus compounds which may be discussed in relation to available nB literature (for a general review see 1969, 24). 

Sihcon of hyperpurity, doped with trace elements, such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic, and gadium is one of the best semiconductors. They are used in transistors, power rectifiers, diodes and solar ceds. Sihcon rectifiers are most efficient in converting a-c to d-c electricity. Hydrogenated amorphous sihcon converts solar energy into electricity. 

Pyridyllithiums and their benzo analogues can be used for the introduction of other metals, and non-metals, on to the ring, such as mercury, boron, phosphorus, tin and arsenic (Scheme 146) (80JOC1514, 67TL1705, 65RTC439). 

Scheme 2.4 Synthesis of (a) boron-phosphorus and (b) tin-chalcogen rings by salt...

By analogy with borazines, the initial interest in the analogous unsaturated boron-phosphorus rings focused on the fundamental issue of the extent of... 

A fascinating feature of the chemistry of boron-phosphorus heterocycles is the existence of stable singlet biradicals, e.g. fBuBP Pr2)2 (for a discussion of the electronic structure, see Section 5.4.2.2). The synthesis of this four-membered ring is illustrated in Scheme 5.2. Related derivatives of the type (RBPR 2)2 are also prepared by a salt-elimination reaction of the appropriate lithium phosphide with a 1,2-dichlorodiborane or, in the case of the perphenylated derivative (PhBPPh2)2, by reduction of the cyclic dimer [Ph(Cl)BPPh2]2 with lithium naphthalenide (Scheme 9.11). ... 

A boron-phosphorus analogue of borazine has been synthesized rather recently.73... 

This section includes oxidations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, alkenes and cycloalkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic fluorocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones and carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nitrogen compounds, and organoelement compounds, such as boron, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine compounds, and steroids. 

It is easy to reduce anhydrous rare-earth halides to the metal by reaction of more electropositive metals such as calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium, and aluminum. Electrolytic reduction is an alternative in the production of the light lanthanide metals, including didymium, a Nd—Pr mixture. The rare-earth metals have a great affinity for oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, boron, phosphorus, and hydrogen at elevated temperature and remove these elements from most other metals. 

The structure of this adduct has been determined by X-ray diffraction 144> and confirms the 2112 topology of the B4Hg framework. Furthermore, in agreement with the original conclusion 143>, the adduct contains a boron-phosphorus bond rather than a boron-nitrogen bond. 

Steinberg, H., Brotherton, R. J. Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 2. Boron-Nitrogen and Boron-Phosphorus Compounds. New York Interscience 1966. 

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