Bone Shaded

Three volume rendering techniques (unshaded bone, shaded bone and shaded opaque bone) can help reveal both surface and internal detail and can be used for a better understanding of the volume rendered images ... 

Figure 5.6. 5 C data for browsers and grazers from Border cave, plotted against age (vertical scale). The shaded areas represent the 5 C values of modem grazers and browsers. Filled squares and circles are tooth enamel the open square is bone. The chronology obtained from ESR measurements of faunal enamel has been used hence the sequence appears somewhat younger than outlined previously (Grun et al. 1990 Beaumont et al. 1978). The sequence is in fact longer, but no isotopic data are available beyond Stratum IGBS.LRA ( 80Ka).

T FIGURE 10-20 Vitamin D3 production and metabolism, (a) Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is produced in the skin by UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol, which breaks the bond shaded pink. In the liver, a hydroxyl group is added at C-25 (pink) in the kidney, a second hydroxylation at C-1 (pink) produces the active hormone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. This hormone regulates the metabolism of Ca2+ in kidney, intestine, and bone, (b) Dietary vitamin D prevents rickets, a disease once common in cold climates where heavy clothing blocks the UV component of sunlight necessary for the production of vitamin D3 in skin. On the left is a 21/2-year-old boy with severe rickets on the right, the same boy at age 5, after 14 months of vitamin D therapy. 

Figure 8-34 An end-on view of a crystallite of hydroxylapatite. The shaded atoms of Ca, P, and O represent an underlying layer. The OH- groups form a longitudinal H-bonded array in the center. From J. A. Weatherell and C. Robinson,705 p. 55. A small amount of Mg2+ is present in place of Ca2+ and a very small fraction of the OH- is replaced by fluoride ion which has a bone strengthening effect.

Ander is usually a darker shade than the creamy colour of bone. Ander tends to be beige or pale gr, d ending on its origins. 

The attenuation values are given in Hounsfield units (HU), the density scale ranging from -1,000 (= air) through 0 (= water) to +1,000 (= bone). These 2,000 shades of brightness are recorded by the computer, but... 

Begonias need rich, very well drained, light soil. Work in generous amounts of leaf mold, dehydrated manure, humus, and bone-meal. They tolerate full sun in cool climates only in hot climates, leaves in full sun may show dry spotting from sunscald. Heavy shade, however, results in legginess and fewer flowers. Partial shade is generally best. Water when soil 1" below surface is still moist but not wet. Fertilize ever> 3-4 weeks. 

Fig. 3. BB-10010 maintains hematopoietic recovery following repeated cycles of suble-thal irradiation. CFU-S dl2 in the bone marrow of B6D2F1 mice subjected to repeated 14-d cycles of total body, 4.5 Gy g irradiation. BB-lOOlOorPBS was administered via miniosmotic pump during the first week of each cycle. The shaded stretches of the abscissa indicate presence of the pump. The data are means from 3-4 experiments S.E. (Adapted from Lord, B. I., Marshall, E., Woolford, L. B., Hunter, M. G. (1996) BB-lOOlO/MIP-la in vivo maintains hematopoietic recovery following repeated cycles of sublethal irradiation. Brit. J. Cancer 74, 1017-1022. Copyright 1996, by permission of the publisher, Churchill Livingstone).

Shaded surface display (SSD) Well-suited for visualizing dense tissue, such as bones or bone transplants, but not for soft tissue or tumors of the hypopharynx or larynx... 

Figure 4.2 (a) A picture taken through the 4x objective in the trabecular bone of an iliac crest biopsy (b) same trabecula through the 15x objective with the area of analysis shaded (c) spatial distribution of the mineral component content (d) spatial distribution of the organic matrix content (e)... 

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