Bone kernel

A kernel usually used for vascular imaging as well as a bone kernel is advisable since spinal arteries may be adjacent to bone, causing beam-hardening effects that might affect dehneation and/or segmentation of arteries (Boll et al. 2006). 

DynaCT provides so-called HU (formerly called bone) and EE (vessel) kernels for 3D reconstruction. HU (bone) kernels are essential for correct tomographic gray level reconstruction (HU values). EE (vessel) kernels, on the other hand, involve edge-enhancement as indicated by their name. They can enhance the visual appearance of 3D vascular objects, but they should not be used for quantitative measurements. Three-dimen-... 

Fig. 42.2. a Image of a 43-year-old male who sustained a motorcycle crash. The image is a bone kernel reconstruction with a 3-mm slice thickness from a 2.5-mm collimation whole-body dataset obtained with a four-slice scanner. On this image, T12 does not show obvious signs of fractures, b After 3 days, the patient complained of persistent back pain, and a dedicated spine... 

These results indicate that intensive maize agriculture in southeast Missouri and northeast Arkansas began around 1000 AD, that the shift to maize was rapid, and 35 to 72% of the diet may have consisted of corn after this time. While several studies report the presence of maize kernels at midwestern archaeological sites as early as 500 BC (38). our data provide isotopic evidence that maize could not have been a significant part of the human diet prior to 1000 AD. Our 6 values of bone collagen before 1000 AD are identical to measurements made on prehistoric humans from northern temperate zones where no Ci, plants could have been consumed (19). Data from nearby archaeological sites in Illinois show a similar pattern of values tiirough time, with... 

Reconstruction algorithm Reconstruction kernel Bone sharp to extrasharp edges Sharp to extrasharp edges ... 

Convolution kernel Bone, brain, soft tissue ... 

Selection of convolution kernels should be adapted to the clinical question. Complex disease of the orbit may require all three kernels, since it may affect facial bone, facial and orbital soft tissue, and brain matter... 

Kernel Brain Soft tissue Soft tissue Bone... 

The materials employed in making mottled soap comprise bleached palm oil, tallow, bone fat, cocoa-nut oil, palm-kernel oil, cotton-seed oil, and, in some instances, rosin. 

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