Bond Attitude

According to the Bond Attitude portion of the study, confusion about bonds apparently prevents many from actually investing in bonds and bond funds. Almost 30 percent of investors indicated that they avoid bonds because they are difficult to understand, and 31 percent indicated that they would not invest in a bond mutual fund for the same reason. 

Source American Century Investments, Mountain View, CA, company press release. Business Wire, November 13, 2001, "American Century Investments Releases Results of Bond IQ Test and Bond Attitudes Study,-As Bonds Grow in Popularity, Knowledge of Fixed-Income Basics Slips."... 

For many years, the lectures of Yngve Ohrn on the theory of chemical bonding have been models of clarity and incisiveness to graduate students at the University of Florida and at various topical schools. Their success in introducing the assumptions and conclusions of molecular orbital theory, group theory, electron correlation methods and related subjects has engendered a critical, but liberal attitude toward competing doctrines. 

WIn the preelectrodic days, essentially before 1950, the attitude of most workers toward electrochemical cells was such that mainly the thermodynamic and diffusion aspects were important. When the cell potentials decreased as the power drawn from them increased, the causes were sought in special phenomena such as gas layers on the dectrode. The general character of such a decrease, above all its relation to bonding between substrate and reactant and to electrocatalysis (Section 7.11.1). was not realized... 

Most organic chemists are familiar with two very different and conflicting descriptions of the 7r-electron system in benzene molecular orbital (MO) theory with delocalized orthogonal orbitals and valence bond (VB) theory with resonance between various canonical structures. An attitude fostered by many text books, especially at the undergraduate level, is that the VB description is much easier to understand and simpler to use, but that MO theory is in some sense more fundamental . 

S. Shaik, P. C. Hiberty, Helv. Chim. Acta 86, 1063 (2003). Myth and Reality in the Attitude Toward Valence-Bond (VB) Theory Are Its Failures Real ... 

For the reaction Ha + Ha- Hs + H,270 VBCI calculations were performed on all the points considered. Five attitudes of approach of H2 and Hi and three attitudes of retreat of and H were considered, while the geometries of H2, Hi, and H+ were fixed at their respective calculated equilibrium values. The steepest approach potential is found to be one in which the H+ axis bisects the Ha axis. The steepest retreat potential is one in which the H atom leaves the triangular H, ion on the same axis on which it entered. With this general reaction path defined, the calculations were repeated with the optimization of the H-H bond distance. A minimum was found at H-H and H-H + distances of 1.66 a.u. and 4.11 a.u., respectively, while the distance from the leading H atom of the H+ ion to the bisector of the Ha molecule is 1.44 a.u. The binding energy is found to be 3.6 kJ mol-1. 

Layered InSe and GaSe crystals attract investigator interest because of heterostructures based on them possess good photosensitivity and find their application in solar cells [1-3], At the same time distinctive feature of layered crystals - sharp anisotropy of chemical bonds (strong ion-covalent inside crystal layers and weak van der Waals between them) paid great attention of researchers to intercalation, that is to insertion of atoms and molecules into interlayer space of a layered crystal - the so-called van-der-Waals gap . In particular for InSe and GaSe crystals volume of van der Waals gap makes under the attitude to all volume of a crystal about 40+45 %. 

Hence in pzc, half of oxide atoms will be bond with one proton and the another half with two. The edl model based on this reaction is characterized by only one constant, whose value is equal to pHpzc, and because of this it is very easy to use. This attitude to a charge formation in the next papers, describing edl was called 1-pK, contrary to the model based on the reaction 1 and 2 and called 2-pK. Both models are applied independently, because it has not been proven whether reaction 1, 2 or 3 takes place in the system [52]. 

So let me give full credit to the young and enthusiastic research workers, full of high-energy phosphate bonds. What I deplore is their attitude of mind. Science has become tough and the students learn to accept it that way. 

Why was Hopkins so supportive of women scientists We find an interesting parallel with a mentor of women researchers in radioactivity, Ernest Rutherford. Both Rutherford and Hopkins were very close to their respective mothers. Rutherford wrote frequently and endearingly to his mother in New Zealand throughout his life,14 while the Hopkins archives contain several items of correspondence with his mother that show an exceptionally strong mother-son relationship.15 In fact, the first 10 years of Hopkins life was spent alone with his mother.10 Such strong maternal bonds may well account for supportive attitudes towards women students. 

The first point to be made concerning acids and bases is that so-called acid-base theories are in reality definitions of what an acid or base is they are not theories in the sense of valence bond theory or molecular orbital theory. In a very real sense, we can make an acid be anything we wish the differences between the various acid-base concepts are not concerned with which is right but which is most convenient to use in a particular situation. All of the current definitions of acid-base behavior are compatible with each other. In fact, one of the objects in the following presentation of many different definitions is to emphasize their basic parallelism and hence to direct the students toward a cosmopolitan attitude toward acids and bases which will stand them in good stead in dealing with various chemical situations, whether they be in aqueous solutions of ions, organic reactions, nonaqueotis titrations, or other situations. 

Attracted by the wealth and accuracy of the information provided by X-ray crystallographic analysis, organic chemists utilize this powerful tool to infer mechanistic and conformational hypotheses based on structural data [20J, though it seems implausible that static, crystalline species could reveal any information regarding the dynamics of transition states. This attitude has been particularly fruitful in the study of weak intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding f2l and Lewis acid-base interactions [22, 23], and obviously carbony 1-Lewis acid complexation is not the exception. 

Bond, C.A. Reahl, C.L. Pharmacists attitudes toward the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training received in pharmacy school. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 1989, 46 (7), 1392-1394. 

In conclusion, findings from the present study have clearly shown that the use of computer simulations in the teaching of Atomic Structure and Bonding had a positive impact on students, both in terms of their performance and their attitudes, as well as on their motivation during the lessons. Results from the achievement tests have undoubtedly indicated that students in the treatment group outperformed their friends in the control group. Thus, from the present research, it can be concluded... 

When we turn from laws to theories, we again find that the sorts of theories that chemists name as such, and use to help describe their systems, are very different in character from the great theories of physics. Already, we have referred to the frequently pluralistic attitude of chemists to what are, ostensibly at least, rival theories. To illustrate, we cited several theories of chemical bonding. A similar picture emerges if we look at theories of reaction rates in the gas phase. 

At the end of this chapter it may be realized how untenable this until recently most common attitnde of ignoring the H2O molecule is, and how imperative it becomes to know much more about some of its subtle properties. This is certainly no easy task and around 20 years after Maddox (5) rang the bell to stop the attitude he called a scandal, this field of research is still in an early stage of development. We know this molecule plays an important role when it is embedded in macromolecules. This role even becomes vital when it comes to biological molecules. We are now starting to have ideas about this role. It is no doubt due to the exceptional ability this molecule has to develop around it an extended, dense and flexible 3D H-bond network by association with other HjO molecules, even a very few of them. This exceptional ability is itself a consequence of the exceptional structure of the H2O molecule, which, as illustrated in Figure 8.1, has two H-bond donor sites and two H-bond acceptor sites. A preliminary, um-efmed answer to the question How is it that life occurs only in presence of HjO molecules is this H2O molecules are the only molecules, along with HDO and DjO, that are able to provide inside macromolecules such an extended 3D H-bond network that they always develop around them. 

As a consequence of the difficulty to observe it, this molecule has long been neglected, despite its fundamental importance, as emphasized in Ch. 10. This attitude has been called by John Maddox (1) a scandal, a qualification that implies that it can no longer be defended. It stresses the need to know this molecule better, adapting methods used to study H-bonds to its study. Macroscopic global methods are, as in Ch. 3, first examined in this chapter, followed by classical molecular methods culminating in IR spectrometry, which is described in some detail because of its relatively recent implementation. 

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