Removal from blood, carbon dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Removal from Blood. Carbon dioxide was removed from blood by the liquid membrane-coated bubbles. The decrease of C02 partial pressure was from 26 mm Hg to 21 mm Hg in 12 min at an... 

One must marvel at the way various factors work in concert so that hemoglobin can be useful in multiple roles oxygen deliverer, carbon dioxide remover, and pH stabilizer. From the explanation we have given it should be clear why the hemoglobin is confined to cells in the blood rather than being present as a free plasma protein. The intracellular carbonic anhydrase and GBP of the erythrocytes are essential for efficient hemoglobin function. 

As early as 1978, Kolobow reported carbon dioxide could be removed from blood (and hence blood pH could be properly maintained) by shunting only 10-30 of the cardiac output through a membrane lung. This study has been followed by more clinical work by Kolobow and his associates. In one study a 63 survival rate was obtained by simultaneously using ECMO for carbon dioxide removal coupled with classical ventilator techniques for oxygenation. These studies have prompted a reappraisal of the use of ECMO therapy with renewed emphasis on patient choice and modified treatment techniques. 

Some of the sulphonamides can be used as diuretics. The mechanism of their action relates to carbonic add excretion. Carbon dioxide generated from catabolic processes is carried to the lung and then removed by exhalation. However, part of the carbon dioxide is still dissolved in the blood. Hie dissolved carbon dioxide produces carbonic acid and its conjugated base (i.e. bicarbonate). This mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base is one of the important buffer systems in the blood. The dissolved carbon dioxide is excreted in the urine. The processes of the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and then... 

The integrated function of the vasculature and heart, as a closed circulatory system, supplies nutrients and oxygen to critical organs and removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide. This integrated system results from the careful control of cardiac output, arterial blood pressure (systolic and diastolic pressures integrated to derive mean arterial pressure), and systemic vascular resistance, thereby maintaining blood perfusion through... 

When hyperventilation occurs, large quantities of carbon dioxide are removed from the blood. What effect does hyperventilation have on the pH of the blood ... 

Alcohol leaves the body through a process of elimination and oxidation. The liver removes alcohol from the blood and causes the alcohol to break down into water and carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas leaves the body through the lungs, and the water is eliminated in urine. It takes the liver about one hour to process a glass of wine, one to two hours to process hard liquor, and about two hours to process a glass of beer. If large quantities of alcohol are present in the body, the liver has to work overtime to break it down and eliminate it from the body. 

When muscles work too hard, lactic acid builds up in the muscles and this is the process that makes them sore (muscle fatigue). Once muscles form lactic acid, they can t do anything else with it. Once the oxygen supply becomes adequate again, some of the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate and broken down to carbon dioxide and water. The rest is carried away from the muscles by the blood and eventually converted by the liver back to glucose. Once the lactic acid is removed, the muscles no longer hurt. This is why rest is the best way to recover from hard work or exercise. 

One gram of carbohydrate gives 17 kJ of energy in the process of respiration. The carbon dioxide is removed from muscle endings by the blood and is transported into the lungs for exhalation. 

Two umbilical arteries from the foetus carry blood to the placenta and a single umbilical vein returns blood from the placenta back to the foetus. The functions of the placenta in pregnancy are to supply oxygen and nutrients from the maternal circulation to the foetus and to remove waste materials, such as urea and carbon dioxide, from foetal blood. 

A complex invertebrate also has a circulatory system to carry dissolved oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from each of the millions of cells that make up its body. To feed these cells, the animal has a digestive system that takes food into the body and breaks it down, then turns the nutrients over to the circulatory system for delivery. To keep blood flowing to all of the cells on a full-time basis, a muscular heart powers the circulatory system. An excretory system takes care of removing wastes from cells. All of these body systems are... 

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