Black skin

Montagna W, Prota G, Kenney JA (1993) Black skin structure and function. Academic Press, San Diego, PP 42-45... 

Gender, too, affects the appearance of human skin. Nevertheless, there is little evidence that the skin of males and females differs greatly in permeability. However, there are established differences in the barrier properties of skin across the races of humans. While the horny layers of Caucasians and Blacks are of equal thickness, the latter has more cell layers and is measurably denser [30]. As a consequence, black skin tends to be severalfold less permeable [30,31],... 

Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (1952)... 

Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks [1952] (New York Grove Wieden-feld, 1967), p. 115. 

There are two distinct markets for meat-type chickens live birds and processed carcasses. For the live-bird market the most important characteristics for the consumers include feather colour, skin and shank colour, the redness and size of the comb, and body conformation. Although the Australorp was originally developed as an egg layer in Australia, its black feathers and shanks make it popular for ethnic groups shopping at live-bird markets. More recently, coloured-feather Cornish crosses have become available and are being raised for the live-bird markets. Chickens with black skin and shanks are believed by some consumers to have medicinal properties. The silkie chicken has been raised to meet this consumer preference. They are reported to have a concentration of phosphoserine (with aphrodisiac effect) 11 times that of conventional broilers (Lee et al., 1993). 

Figure 13.9 Noninvasive absorption spectra relative to air collected from human (gray) and rat (black) skins with each fitted spectrum shown as the broken black line.

Montagna, W., Prota, G., and Keimey J. A., Jr., Black Skin Structure and Function, Academic Press, San Diego, 1993, 21. 

Verhagen AR. Pomade acne in black skin [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1974 110 465. 

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is also improved by tretinoin, as proved clinically, histologically and by colorimetry, in a study by Bulengo-Ransby et aP on subjects with black skin. A 40% improvement can be expected after 40 weeks of treatment with 0.1% tretinoin. In the treatment of melasma, topical 0.1% tretinoin was studied in comparison with the vehicle alone in black patients. A 10-month treatment lightened the melasma by 32% (an improvement factor established both clinically and by colorimetry). 

Asian patients might pose a problem of residual depigmentation with deep peels. Dark Asian skins are treated like black skins. Lighter Asian skins can be treated with deeper peels. Fintsi and Professor Damiano Kim (Korea) applied phenol successfully to light Asian skins. AHAs, Easy Phytic and Easy TCA can be used in all cases. TCA in simple aqueous solution (TCA-SAS) often triggers post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation on Asian skin. Unideep should be used with caution on Asian skin phototypes. 

Skin color is in itself a defense mechanism white skin lets in up to 64% of rays that touch it and black skin is only permeable to 18% of these rays. White skin suffers from photoaging much more quickly than black skin. Yellow skin has fewer pigments than black skin, but the stratum corneum is thicker than Caucasian skin and is better at reflecting and diffusing photons. 

Nose - irritation Skin color - black Skin - irritation Skin - pain, burning Skin - rash, erythematous Skin - rash, vesicular Throat - pain Vomiting... 

Never burns Darkly pigmented, brown or black skin... 

Caucasian skin has been reported to be slightly more permeable than black skin (Corcuff et al. 1991 Kompaore and Tsuruta 1993 Leopold and Maibach 1996) which correlates with observations that black skin has both more cell layers within the stratum corneum (Weigand et al. 1974) and a higher lipid content (Rienertson and Wheatley 1959). More recently, Lotte et... 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS chronic bronchitis dermatitis conjunctivitis lacrimation (discharge of tears) pharyngeal edema hyper-keratosis black skin dental erosion. 

Defining as a disease what for the Other is physiologically natural (tor example, the Negro s black skin), or personally desirable (for example, the beliefs of so-called madmen), and as treatment the physician s efforts to change these into conditions and beiiefs more attractive to the medical profession or society, have always been, and still are, the characteristic strategies of Institutional Psychiatry. 

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