Black reducing deep water

Of the major solids formed from melts, many, but not all, at equilibrium, the overwhelming influence is of cooperative interaction between ionic units of similar shape and size as we see in crystals. Trace elements apart from forming isolated minerals are fractioned in bulk oxides, for example, in particular orders as the melt solidifies, and this reduces the relative availability of some elements such as Cr and Ni (see Williams, and Williams and Frausto da Silva (1999) in Further Reading). Again the interaction of selective molten minerals and water creates extremely reactive environments and such environments still exist, especially in the deep sea black smokers (hydrothermal vents), around which particular mixed minerals form, which could also have been involved in prebiotic chemistry and are still involved in the peculiarities of life in these smokers . In Figure 1.6 we summarise... 

B. 7-Fluoroisatin (3). A 250-mL, three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a condenser and a thermometer is charged with 100 mL of coned sulfuric acid. After heating to 70°C, 30.0 g (0.165 mol) of anilide 2 (Note 9) is added over a period of 1 hr. The resulting deep red solution is heated to 90°C (Note 10) for 60 min (Note 11) and then is cooled to room temperature (20°C) over an ice bath (Note 12). The mixture is then added rapidly to a vigorously stirred mixture of 1.0 L of ice water and 200 mL of ethyl acetate (Note 13). The organic phase is separated and the almost black aqueous phase is extracted twice with 200 mL of ethyl acetate (Note 14). The combined red organic phases are dried with sodium sulfate. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the crude product is dried at low pressure, whereupon 12.9 to 15.7 g (47-57%) of an orange powder, mp 186-190°C, is obtained (Note 15). The crude product is sufficiently pure for the next step. Further purification is possible by recrystallization from acetone/water. 

---