High-viscosity black oils

Tar sand, also variously called oil sand (in Canada) or bituminous sand, is the term commonly used to describe a sandstone reservoir that is impregnated with a heavy, viscous black extra heavy cmde oil, referred to as bitumen (or, incorrectly, as native asphalt). Tar sand is a mixture of sand, water, and bitumen, but many of the tar sand deposits in the United States lack the water layer that is beHeved to cover the Athabasca sand in Alberta, Canada, thereby faciHtating the hot-water recovery process from the latter deposit. The heavy asphaltic organic material has a high viscosity under reservoir conditions and caimot be retrieved through a weU by conventional production techniques. 

Primary coal liquids are high-viscosity black oils or pitches. Compared... 

The black oil (crude A) has relatively high amounts of heavy components and exhibits nonNewtonian behavior with viscosity, depending on the temperature. In spite of... 

Coal tar is black or dark brown-colored liquid or a high-viscosity semisolid that is one of the byproducts formed when coal is carbonized (Chapter 16). Coal tars are complex and variable mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, and heterocyclic compounds. Because of its flammable composition coal, tar is often used for fire boilers, in order to create heat. Before any heavy oil flows easily, they must be heated. 

Vibration damping is required in applications such as machinery mounts in an oily environment. For high damping characteristics, highly filled compounds should be used based on high viscosity mercaptan modified (WHY) types with high loadings of soft black, china clay and aromatic oil. Thiourea cure systems are required to minimise creep. 

The highly viscous spray fluids used in pesticide application have been either water-in-oil emulsions or solutions of macromolecules both systems are non-Newtonian since their viscosity varies with the applied shear. While a viscosity parameter which is suitable for studies on drop formation was subsequently devised for such systems (II), it was necessary to use Newtonian liquids in the initial studies on the effect of viscosity on drop size. Sugar solutions behave as Newtonian liquids and provide a suitable means of varying viscosity over a wide range. These were prepared from a commercially available syrup by dilution with distilled water 1% w/v of a black dye (Nigrosine G140) was added to each solution to render the spray drops visible for sizing. 

Water-in-oil emulsions, generally appear to be black, do not dilute with water, and have electrical conductivity lower than that of the brine. The viscosities may be very high, and the shear behavior is thixotropic. 

Compound PI Blend of two EPDM copolymers, one with high ethylene content and medium Mooney viscosity, the other with medium ethylene content and low Mooney viscosity. Contains carbon black, zinc oxide, TMQ, paraffinic process oil, dicumyl peroxide and a sulphur donor. 

Mesostable emulsions are emulsions that have properties between stable and unstable emulsions (really oil/water mixtures) (77). It is suspected that mesostable emulsions either laek suffieient asphaltenes to render them completely stable or still contain too many destabilizing materials, perhaps some aromatics and alipha-tics. The viscosity of the oil may be high enough to stabilize some water droplets for a period of time. Mesostable emulsions may degrade to form layers of oil and stable emulsions. Mesostable emulsions can be red or black in appearance and are probably the most commonly formed emulsions in the field. 

Butyl rubbers, unlike many other rubbers, do not break down easily during the normal mixing process in the mill. The compound viscosity can be controlled by selection of the proper grade of butyl rubber, the type of carbon black and the type and loading level of oil. Relatively high loading levels of paraffinic or naphthenic oils are employed for typical butyl applications, such as inflatable seals, tubes or sealing bladders and solid body items. 

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