Biotechnology biochemicals

GBF-German National Research Center for Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering Division, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany E-mail ledacastilho ieg.com.br... 

Keywords. Thermodynamics, Phase equilibria, Biotechnology, Biochemical engineering. Biomolecules, Irreversible thermodynamics. Energy dissipation. Living systems... 

Gogate, P. R., Kabadi, A. M. (2009). A review of applications of cavitation in biochemical engineering/biotechnology. Biochemical Engineering, 44, 60—72. 

Nakashita, H., Aral, Y., Yoshioka, K., Fukui, T., Doi, Y., Usami, R., Horikoshi, K. and Yamaguchi, I. Production of Biodegradable Polyester by Transgenic Tobbaco. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochem. 63 870. 

Life forms are based on coded chemicals that, in the right environment, can reproduce themselves and make other chemicals needed to break down and utilize food. Within an organism, these biochemical reactions constitute nonnal metabolism. Biotechnology is the manipulation of these biochemical reactions at either the cellular or the molecular level. 

Smith, R.M., Gas and Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 1988. Smith, R.M. and Busch, K.L., Understanding Mass Spectra A Basic Approach, Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 1998. Snyder, A.R, Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. 

B. Atkinson and F. Mavituna, Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology Handbook, Macmillan, London, 1983. 

Biopolymer Extraction. Research interests involving new techniques for separation of biochemicals from fermentation broth and cell culture media have increased as biotechnology has grown. Most separation methods are limited to small-scale appHcations but recendy solvent extraction has been studied as a potential technique for continuous and large-scale production and the use of two-phase aqueous systems has received increasing attention (259). A range of enzymes have favorable partition properties in a system based on a PGE—dextran—salt solution (97) ... 

Dispersion forces are ubiquitous and are present in all molecular interactions. They can occur in isolation, but are always present even when other types of interaction dominate. Typically, the interactions between hydrocarbons are exclusively dispersive and, because of them, hexane, at S.T.P., is a liquid boiling at 68.7°C and is not a gas. Dispersive interactions are sometimes referred to as hydrophobic or lyophobic particularly in the fields of biotechnology and biochemistry. These terms appear to have arisen because dispersive substances, e.g., the aliphatic hydrocarbons, do not dissolve readily in water. Biochemical terms for molecular interactions in relation to the physical chemical terms will be discussed later. 

Mavrovouniotis, M. L., and Stephanopoulos, G. (1990). Computer-aided synthesis of biochemical pathways. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 36, 1119-1132. 

W. Hummel, in New Enzymes for Organic Synthesis. Screening, Supply and Engineering (T. Scheper, ed.) [Advances in Biochemical Engineering. Biotechnology, Vol. 58], p. 145. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997. 

Figure 7.4 The effect of viscosity on oxygen transfer rates. Adapted from Biochemical and Biotechnology Handbook. B Atkinson and F Mavituna, (Eds) 1991, Stockton press.

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