Biosynthesis signal transduction pathway

It has long been known that insulin ( and other hormones and growth factors) can stimulate protein biosynthesis. The signal transduction pathway linking insulin to the translation apparatus was, imtil recently, imclear. However, insight is now being gained into this mechanism (Pause et al, 1994, review Proud and Denton, 1997). 

Fig. 5. Model for elicitor signal transduction leading to Str expression. The model shows the positions of CrBPF-1 in a JA-independent, and ORCAs in a JA-dependent, elicitor signal transduction pathway. Protein phosphorylation and calcium influx are required for elicitor-induced jasmonate biosynthesis, as well as for the induction of CrBPF-1, ORCA2, and ORCA3. ORCA activation additionally depends on jasmonate biosynthesis. The positions of the TATA box, the BA region, and the jasmonate- and elicitor-responsive element (JERE) within the Str promoter are indicated...

Luteinizing hormone binds to its receptor on the surface of the Leydig cells to initiate testosterone biosynthesis. As in other endocrine cells, the binding of gonadotropin activates the Gs signal transduction pathway, increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels via activation of adenylate cyclase. One of the processes influenced by elevated cAMP levels is the... 

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