Biosynthesis of abscisic acid

Taylor, I. B., T. Sonneveld et al. (2005). Regulation and manipulation of the biosynthesis of abscisic acid, including the supply of xanthophyll precursors. J. Plant Growth Reg. 24(4) 253-273. 

The biosynthesis of abscisic acid from MVA by tissue cultures of grape pericarp has been reported.85 Details of the elegant work to establish the identity of the C-6 ... 

Fig. 26.16. Probable biosynthesis of abscisic acid (modified from Parry and Morgan, 1991 used with permission of the copyright owner, Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard, Langord Lane, Kidlington 0X5 1GB, UK).

Parry, A. D. and R. Horgan, Carotenoid metabolism and the biosynthesis of abscisic acid. Phytochemistry, 30, 815-821 (1991). 

In an indirect manner, the lipoxygenase reaction in higher plants appears to be implicated in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid, a further senescence hormone [23-25], Abscisic acid is formed from the carotenoid violaxanthin that is converted into xanthoxin, which is a plant growth inhibitor and at the same time a precursor of abscisic acid. The formation of xanthoxin requires the co-oxidative activity of a lipoxygenase-linoleic (or a-linolenic) acid system. 

Milborrow BV, Robinson DR (1973) Factors affecting the biosynthesis of abscisic acid. JExp Bot 24 537-548... 

The biosynthesis of abscisic acid has still not been elucidated. Several pieces of evidence suggest that it could arise by degradation from the... 

Figure 3.24 Major pathway for the biosynthesis of (+)-abscisic acid in plants.

Hartung, W., Gimmler, H. Heilmann, B. (1982). The compartmentation of abscisic acid, of ABA - biosynthesis, ABA - metabolism and ABA conjugation. In Plant Growth Substances 1982, ed. P.F. Wareing, pp. 325-334. London Academic Press. 

Chernys, J. T. and J. A. D. Zeevaart (2000). Characterization of the 9-cw-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family and the regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis in avocado. Plant Physiol. 124(1) 343-353. 

Zeevaart, J. A. D., T. G. Heath et al. (1989). Evidence for a universal pathway of abscisic acid biosynthesis in higher plants from O18 incorporation patterns. Plant Physiol. 91(4) 1594—1601. 

Further studies of abscisic acid (53) biosynthesis showed that the epoxyacid (52) was incorporated into tomatoes whereas the all-trans-isomer was not. In beans, [2- C]abscisic acid is rapidly (15 min) metabolized and the products are neither a glucoside nor a b-hydroxy-derivative. " ... 

Oritani, T. and H. Kiyota Biosynthesis and metabohsm of abscisic acid and related compounds Nat. Prod. Rept. 20 (2003) 414-425. 

Milborrow BV (1972) The biosynthesis and degradation of abscisic acid. In Carr DJ (ed) Plant growth substances 1970. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 281-290 Milborrow BV (1974) The chemistry and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 25 259-307... 

Oritani T, Kiyota H (2003) Biosynthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid and related compounds. Nat Prod Rep 20 414 25... 

Schwartz, S.H. et al. (2003) Elucidation of the indirect pathway of abscisic acid biosynthesis by mutants, genes, and enzymes. Plant Physiol. 131,1591-1601... 

Cytokinins have also been reported to increase PA biosynthesis in some plant systems, while application of abscisic acid (ABA) leads to the contrary situation (see review in Smith, 1985a). For instance, benzyladenine increased putrescine and ADC activity in cucumber cotyledons. By contrast, ABA decreased putrescine and ADC activity (Suresh et ai, 1978 In rice seedlings, total PAs increased threefold after treatment with kinetin, but declined with ABA (Mukho-padhyay et ai, 1983). It has been proposed that the regulation of PA biosynthesis by ABA in the aleurone layers of barley seeds is exerted through inhibition of the conversion of putrescine to spermidine (Lin, 1985). 

A (1996) Molecular identification of zeaxanthin epoxidase of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, a gene involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis and corresponding to the ABA locus of Arabidopsis thaliana , EMBO J, 15, 331-42. 

Iuchi, S., M. Kobayashi et al. (2001). Regulation of drought tolerance by gene manipulation of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 27(4) 325-333. 

Thompson, A. J., A. C. Jackson et al. (2000a). Abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato Regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase and 9-cw-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase mRNAs by light/dark cycles, water stress and abscisic acid. Plant Mol. Biol. 42(6) 833-845. 

Miller, G. W., Sasse, J. M., Lovelace, C. J. and Rowan, K. S., 1984. Effects of podolactone-type inhibitors and abscisic acid on chlorophyll biosynthesis in barley leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 25, 635-642... 

Since the publication of the previous edition of the book Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry in 1999,547 research on abscisic acid (ABA, 1) has progressed especially concerning its biosynthesis, catabolism, and signal transduction using molecular biology techniques. In this chapter, descriptions of these subjects have been extensively revised and the chemistry of ABA is described in brief although the essential information has been retained. 

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