Bioremediation of chlorinated phenols

Seech, A. G., Marvan, I.J. Trevors, J.T. (1994). On-site/ex situ bioremediation of industrial soils containing chlorinated phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, ed. R. E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini S. K. Ong, pp. 451-5. Boca Raton, FL Lewis Publishers. 

Contaminants treated by the Daramend bioremediation technology inclnde heavy oils, chlorinated phenols (CPs), polynnclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total petrolenm hydrocarbons (TPH), and phthalates. The vendor claims the Daramend technology can be nsed to treat soils containing concentrations of CPs and PAHs that are typically considered too toxic for bioremediation. 

It is unclear from the current data if the fungal bioremediation technology will be able to reduce all contaminant concentrations to below regulatory levels. In the PCP field test at the Montana Pole Plant, total detectable chlorinated phenolics (PCP and pentachloroanisole) decreased to 230 and 119 mg/kg (decreases of 78 and 84%, respectively) in the high and low plots. While... 

The mobility and bioavailability of CPs, and thus their bioremediation, are affected by their chemical and physical properties. The solubility of CPs in water decreases as the number of chlorine substituents increases. In addition, the increase in the number of chlorosubstituents in the phenol ring increases the lipophilicity of CPs and thus their tendency to bioaccumulate. The water solubilities, pKa (acidity constant) and pK0W (octanol-water partition constant) values for environmentally important CPs are summarized in Figure 8.1. 

Bioremediation and thermal desorption are the most frequently selected innovative technologies for NPL sites with SVOCs, which are the second most common contaminants found at NPL sites. Also, SVE has been selected for some of the most volatile SVOCs (e.g., phenols and naphthalenes). Current research efforts are focused on biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and vinyl chloride, which occur at many sites. Thermal desorption most effectively treats PAHs and PCBs, and it may be particularly useful to pretreat organics prior to metal treatment. 

This includes bioremediation cases of contaminated sites with several toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs, dichlorobenzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, Dicamba, methyl bromide, trinitrotoluene, silicon-based organic compounds, dioxins, alkyl-phenol polyethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The following is a brief summary of each case. 

---