Bioregulator

Another process employed to increase the formation of volatile compounds in fmit is that of bioregulators. When a bioregulator is appHed to lemon trees an increase in both the aldehyde and alcohol fractions of the lemon oil extracted from the fmit of the treated lemon trees was observed (78). 

A wide variety of a-tnfluoromethyl a-amino acids are readily available from the reaction of 5-fluoro-4-tnfluoromethyl-l,3 azoles with allylic alcohols [138, 139] a-Tnfluoromethyl-subsumted a-amino acids show anubactenal and antihy pertensive activity Some are highly specific enzyme inhibitors (suicide inhibitors) and may be important as bioregulators [140] Furthermore, they are interesting candidates for peptide modification... 

Mori K (2000) Chemoenzymatic synthesis of pheromones, terpenes, and other bioregulators. In Patel RN (ed) Stereoselective biocatalysis. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 59... 

Bartelt RJ, Dowd PF, Plattner RD (1991) ACS Symposium Series 449 (Naturally Occur-ing Pest Bioregulators) 27... 

Within the European Union there are no restrictions regarding these additives. However, primary fatty-acid amides have been shown to have hormone-like activity, e.g., oleamide (c -9,10-octadecenoamide) is an endogenous bioregulator that acts like a sleep-inducing factor (Cravatt et al., 1995 Bezuglov et al., 1998). 

Stierle A, Stierle D, Strobel G, Bignami G, Grothaus P, Endophytic fungi of pacific yew Taxus brevifolia) as a source of taxol, taxanes and other pharmacophores, in Bioregulators for Crop Protection and Pest Control, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 64—77, 1994. 

Bhoola K et al. Bioregulation of kinins Kallikreins, kininogens, and ktninases. Pharmacol Rev 1992 44 1-80. 

Economic impacts associated with "off-fiavors" have encouraged research into the bioregulation of geosmin and MIB synthesis. Although this chapter focuses primarily upon controlling geosmin production in the context of the channel catfish aquacultiue industry, the approaches discussed may have relevance in the control of undesirable metabolites in other systems. 

Smith, R. J., and Ignarrr), L. J. (1975). Bioregulation of lysosomal enzyme. secretion from human neutrophils Roles of cyclic GMP and calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 108-112. 

Control of Juice Bitterness. A number of advances have been reported in this field since it was last reviewed (3). A commercial application of the cellulose acetate adsorption technique for the removal of limonin from citrus juices was undertaken (49). New sorbent gel forms of cellulose esters for adsorption of limonin were developed (50). Knowledge was gained that limonoids are biosynthesized in citrus leaves and translocated to the fruit (12) and that specific bioregulators can inhibit accumulation of XIV in citrus leaves (15). Additional studies were carried out on the use of neodiosmin to suppress limonin and other types of bitterness (30,51). The influence of extractor and finisher pressures on the level of limonin and naringin in grapefruit juice was reported (34). Also, further studies were conducted on the microbial sources and properties of limonoate dehydrogenase (52), the enzyme that converts XIV to XV and can be used to prevent limonin from forming in freshly expressed citrus juices (53). 

Debenedict, C. Bioregulators and citrus fruit color. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture, 1977, y, 717-722. 

ALLELOPATHIC ORGANISMS AND MOLECULES PROMISING BIOREGULATORS FOR THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES, WEEDS, AND OTHER PESTS... 

In this chapter the different roles that allelopathy can play as a bioregulator tool in agriculture are discussed. A wide spectrum of studies are given on allelopathic plants and other organisms, the chemistry involved in these studies, the mechanisms of action of some allelochemicals, and the use of allelopathy to control weeds, pests (nematodes) and diseases. 

Bartelt R. J., Dowd P. F. and Plattner R. D. (1991) Aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus lugubris new pest management tools for the nitidulid beetles. In Naturally Occurring Pest Bioregulators, ed P. A. Hedin, pp. 27 -0. ACS Symposium Series No. 449, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

Matsui, J., Bando, M., Kido, M., Takeuchi, Y., and Mori, K. 1999. Plant Bioregulators, 3. Synthetic disproof of the structure proposed for Alectrol, the germination stimulant from Vigna unguiculata. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 9, 2195-2199... 

Although peptides still have little market potential within the sector of pharmaceutical chemistry, one can expect their use for therapeutic purposes to increase in the future in view of their importance as bioregulators. 

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