Biopolymers agarose

Hervet, H Bean, CP, Electrophoretic Mobility of Lambda Phage HIND III and HAE III DNA Eragments in Agarose Gels A Detailed Study, Biopolymers 26, 727, 1987. 

Slater, GW Rousseau, J Noolandi, J Tunnel, C Lalande, M, Quantitative Analysis of the Three Regimes of DNA Electrophoresis in Agarose Gels, Biopolymers 27, 509, 1988. 

Slater, GW Tnrmel, C Lalande, M Noolandi, J, DNA Gel Electrophoresis Effect of Eield Intensity and Agarose Concentration on Band Inversion, Biopolymers 28, 1793, 1989. Slattery, J, Elow of Viscoelastic Elnids Throngh Porons Media, AIChE Jonmal 13,1066,1967. Slattery, JC, Momentnm, Energy, and Mass Transfer in Continna Robert E. Krieger Melbourne, EL, 1981. 

Biopolymers such as agarose hydrogel can also be used to immobilize HRP and to reduce oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide [231], For an HRP-agarose/EPG in a pH 7.0 PBS, a reduction peak at -0.30V was observed after addition of H2Q2. 

P. Aymard, D.R. Martin, K. Plucknett, TJ. Foster, A.H. Clark, and I.T. Norton, Influence of thermal history on the structural and mechanical properties of agarose gels. Biopolymers 59,131—144 (2001). 

Fio. 2. Chemistry employed in the attachment of hydrophobic fimctions, R. to agarose for use in hydrophobic chromatography of biopolymers. Redrawn from Egiy and Porath (f9), with pennistiOR from Peigamon Frm. 

It should be mentioned here that another family of hydrocarbonaceous phases has been developed for the hydrophobic chromatography of biopolymers 49, 50). For the preparation of such stationary phases agarose beads are first activated with cyanogen bromide and subsequently reacted... 

The most commonly used biopolymers, such as agarose, contain alcoholic hydroxyl groups which can be activated with cyanogen bromide however, better methods have recently been developed including activation with sulfonyl chlorides (17), 2-fluoro-l-methylpyridinium toluene sulfonate (FMP) (10), and chlorocarbonates (18). The first two are commercially available as activated supports tresyl-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia) and FMP-Trisacryl (BioProbe International). The newer methods yield more stable bonds, which preclude leaching of the enzyme from the matrix. Most of these activated supports are too expensive for commercial use in a large process bioreactor however, they may be extremely useful for preparing analytical bioreactors. 

This approach was satisfactorily applied to other biopolymer gelled systems, including agarose (Watase and Nishinari, 1987a), HM pectin/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) gels (Watase and Nishinari, 1993), ic-carrageenan (Watase and Nishinari, 1987b) and LM pectin/Ca + and LM pectin/Ca /sucrose systems (Fu and Rao, 1999). 

The introduction of Sephadex in 1959 provided the biochemist with a new powerful tool for the separation of complex mixtures of biopolymers on the basis of their molecular size. The scope of the technique was further extended by the introduction of the bead-form agaroses which permit separation of particles and molecules up to 40000000 daltons. Early work showed that separation might be influenced by solute-matrix interactions rather than purely steric factors [171], Increasing work has been done on the nature and extent of these interactions and, more recently, these effects have been used to improve and even effect separations on gels such as Sephadex. These interactions have been reviewed recently [172, 173] and in this section we will briefly consider some aspects of solute-matrix interactions and their application in the separation procedure. Recent developments of new molecular sieve media and some new column techniques are also discussed. 

Lanan, M. Shick, R. Morris, M. D. Electric birefringence imaging of elec-trokinetic agarose orientation. Biopolymers 1991 31 1095-1104. 

Quite recently ion-exchange derivatives of agarose, which has been cross-linked to have more or less uniform 3-dimensional network, have become available. These CM (i.e. carboxymethyl) and DEAE (i.e. diethlaminoethyl) — derivatives are superior to ion-exchange dextrans in that they have greater stability and can be used for biopolymers having molecular weight upto 106. 

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