Biopolymer versatile

The need of modern science to achieve a sustainable future development has been shown in many circumstances in society. Finding strategies less harmful to the environment has been a quest for research in several areas, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and food industries. With that purpose, the increase in research and development of more applications of xylan and its derivatives has shown the versatility of this biopolymer, thus helping the search for sustainable alternatives. 

As shown in Fig. 25b, the systematic tuning of emission wavelength was achieved by the combinatorial introduction of substitutents at the two diversity points on the fluorescent core skeleton. In addition to the synthetic versatility and predictability on emission wavelengths, these novel fluorophores were compatible with the modification of biopolymers and successfully applied in the immunofluorescence (see Fig. 25c). 

MnP is the most commonly widespread of the class II peroxidases [72, 73], It catalyzes a PLC -dependent oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+. The catalytic cycle is initiated by binding of H2O2 or an organic peroxide to the native ferric enzyme and formation of an iron-peroxide complex the Mn3+ ions finally produced after subsequent electron transfers are stabilized via chelation with organic acids like oxalate, malonate, malate, tartrate or lactate [74], The chelates of Mn3+ with carboxylic acids cause one-electron oxidation of various substrates thus, chelates and carboxylic acids can react with each other to form alkyl radicals, which after several reactions result in the production of other radicals. These final radicals are the source of autocataly tic ally produced peroxides and are used by MnP in the absence of H2O2. The versatile oxidative capacity of MnP is apparently due to the chelated Mn3+ ions, which act as diffusible redox-mediator and attacking, non-specifically, phenolic compounds such as biopolymers, milled wood, humic substances and several xenobiotics [72, 75, 76]. 

All these advances have resulted not only in increases in resolution but have also alleviated the detection problems to a considerable extent. As a result, the last decade has seen a dramatic growth in 15N- and 170-NMR spectroscopy as a versatile method for studying molecular structure, both in isotropic (liquid) and anisotropic (solid) phases. Studies at a natural abundance level of the nucleides are now commonplace. The scope of chemical applications extends from inorganic, organometallic and organic chemistry to biochemistry and molecular biology, and includes the study of reactive intermediates, biopolymers and enzyme-inhibitor complexes. 

Klostermeier, D. and D. P. Millar. Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer A versatile tool for the analysis of nucleic acids. Biopolymers 61, 159-179 (2002). 

The study of Saa has so far concentrated on their use as biopolymer building blocks to mimic oligo- and polysaccharide structures via amide bond linkages.1In 1994 the first example of a Saa as a new type of peptidomimetic [replacement of amino acid(s) by Saa] was reported/44 which was later extended to the Saa construction kit 7-16, and others, a versatile tool for the manipulation of peptide properties 45"51 (Scheme 2). 

CHITOSAN A VERSATILE BIOPOLYMER FOR SEPARATION, PURIFICATION, AND CONCENTRATION OF METAL IONS Katsutoshi Inoue and Yoshinari Baba... 

The 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl (TEMPO) radical was first prepared in 1960 by Lebedev and Kazarnovskii by oxidation of its piperidine precursor. TEMPO is a highly persistent radical, resistant to air and moisture, which is stabilized primarily by the steric hindrance of the NO-bond. Paramagnetic TEMPO radicals can be used as powerful spin probes for investigating the structure and dynamics of biopolymers such as proteins, DNA, and synthetic polymers by ESR spectroscopy [7]. A versatile redox chemistry has been reported for TEMPO radicals. The radical species can be transformed by two-electron reduction into the respective hydroxyl-amine or by two-electron oxidation into the oxoammonium salt [8]. One-electron oxidations involving oxoammonium salts have also been postulated [9]. The TEMPO radical is usually employed under phase-transfer conditions with, e.g., sodium hypochlorite as activating oxidant in the aqueous phase. In oxidations of primary alcohols carboxylic acids are often formed by over-oxidation, in addition to the de-... 

Since the commencement of this serial publication high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has continued its meteoric growth, and HPLC is now safely entrenched as the premier analytical technique for mixtures of nonvolatile substances. During the past three years the acceptance of HPLC in the life sciences and the expansion of its scope to the rapid separation of biopolymers has been perhaps the most momentous event. The exploitation of the potential of reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) with hydrocarbonaceous bonded phases as a versatile, efficient, and convenient technique is particularly noteworthy in this regard. As it stands now, HPLC has become an indispensable tool in the armamentarium of life scientists and has found wide use on a quotidian basis. 

Benedetti E, Barone V, Bavoso A, Di Blasio B, Lelj F, Pavone V, Pedone C, Bonora GM, Toniolo C, Leplawy MT, Kacz-marek K, Redlinski AS. Structural versatility of peptides from C ,-dialkylated glycines. 1. A conformational energy computation and X-ray diffraction study of homo-peptides from C -diethylglycine. Biopolymers 1988 27 357-371. 

Classical LLPC using aqueous-aqueous polymer systems based on Albertsson s [9] PEG-dextran system has provided a versatile tool for the separation of proteins and nucleic acids, thus increasing the arsenal of biopolymer purification methods currently dominated by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography RPC. The technique operates... 

HPLC is a versatile technique applicable to diversified analytes, including labile molecules, ions, organic, and biopolymers. This chapter provides an overview of HPLC applications for the analysis of food, environmental, chemical, polymer, ion-chromatography, and life science samples. In food analysis, HPLC is widely used in product research, quality control, nutritional labeling, and residual testing of contaminants. In environmental testing, HPLC is excellent for the sensitive and specific detection of labile and nonvolatile pollutants... 

Klostermeier, D., Millar, D. P, Time resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer a Versatile Tool for the Analysis of Nucleic Acids, Biopolymers (Nucleic Acid Sci.) 2002, 61, 159 179. 

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