Biopharmaceutical Challenges Pulmonary Delivery of Proteins and Peptides

Biopharmaceutical Challenges Pulmonary Delivery of Proteins and Peptides 

Several pharmaceutical and physiological barriers must be overcome for the successful pulmonary delivery of peptide and protein drugs [3], For example, many of these macromolecular drugs have relatively low permeability when they are administered without any absorption enhancers [4], Furthermore, the clinical toxicology of peptides/proteins in the lung, especially for chronic disease, should be of some concern [6], Therefore, cost-benefit ratios should be evaluated in the 

Peptide/ Protein Indication Species Methods Results Refer- ence 

Insulin Diabetes Human (416 type-1 diabetic patients) Inhalation (Exubera ) Inhaled insulin effective, well-tolerated and well-accepted [60] 

Insulin Diabetes Human (18 type-I diabetic patients) Inhalation (AERx ) Pharmacodynamic system efficiency 12.7%. Dose-response relationship close to linear [64] 

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Biopharmaceutical Challenges Pulmonary Delivery of Proteins and Peptides 9.2.2... 

Due to the lack of activity after oral administration for most peptides and proteins, administration by injection or infusion - that is, by intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), or intramuscular (IM) administration - is frequently the preferred route of delivery for these drug products. In addition, other non-oral administration pathways have been utilized, including nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, transder-mal, ocular, or pulmonary drug delivery. Some of these delivery pathways will be discussed in the following sections in the order of the increasing biopharmaceutic challenges to obtain adequate systemic exposure. 

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