Biomolecules nucleic acid components

Boronate affinity has gained increasing attention as a unique means for the selective capture and separation of ris-diol-containing biomolecules in recent years. " Since the use of boronate affinity for the separation of carbohydrates and nucleic acid components was reported by Weith and co-workers in 1970, boronate affinity has been used for the separation of various ds-di-ol-containing compounds, including nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, catechols, carbohydrates and glycoproteins. 

In 1970, Weith and co-workers first prepared boronic acid-functionalized chromatographic media via immobilizing APBA to cellulose for the separation of nucleic acid components and carbohydrates. Since then, various boronate affinity chromatographic media such as cellulose, sephacryl, sepharose, polyacrylamide and silica beads have been developed because of the merits of boronate affinity for capturing cis-diol-containing biomolecules. Various matrices and boronic acid derivatives are listed in Table 11.3. It can... 

The first dynamical simulation of a protein based on a detailed atomic model was reported in 1977. Since then, the uses of various theoretical and computational approaches have contributed tremendously to our understanding of complex biomolecular systems such as proteins, nucleic acids, and bilayer membranes. By providing detailed information on biomolecular systems that is often experimentally inaccessible, computational approaches based on detailed atomic models can help in the current efforts to understand the relationship of the strucmre of biomolecules to their function. For that reason, they are now considered to be an integrated and essential component of research in modern biology, biochemistry, and biophysics. 

Only a few years after the Miller-Urey experiment was published, J. Oro was able to synthesize one of the most important biomolecules, adenine. This purine derivative is not only a component of the nucleic acids, but as ATP, adenosine triphosphate (in combination with ribose and three phosphate residues), it plays a key role in the metabolism of all living creatures. The chemical formula of adenine is C5H5N5, or expressed in another way, (HCN)s. 

Oligonucleotides with modified sugar components are another alternative to PNAs work in this direction was begun by Albert Eschenmoser, a famous synthetic chemist who was interested in the question as to why nature chose certain biomolecules for the processes of life and not others (Eschenmoser, 1991). This group carried out studies on the sugar components of the nucleic acids, in order to find out why D-ribose was used rather than another sugar. 

Nucleotides have a variety of roles in cellular metabolism. They are the energy currency in metabolic transactions, the essential chemical links in the response of cells to hormones and other extracellular stimuli, and the structural components of an array of enzyme cofactors and metabolic intermediates. And, last but certainly not least, they are the constituents of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (ENA), the molecular repositories of genetic information. The structure of every protein, and ultimately of every biomolecule and cellular component, is a product of information programmed into the nucleotide sequence of a cell s nucleic acids. The ability to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next is a fundamental condition for life. 

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are biomolecules which are found in the nuclei of all living cells in form of nucleoproteins. They are biopolymers in which the repeating structural unit or monomeric unit is a nucleotide (polynucleotides). Each nucleotide consists of three components—... 

Water behaves differently in different environments. Properties of water in heterogenous systems such as living cells or food remain a field of debate. Water molecules may interact with macromolecular components and supramolecular structures of biological systems through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. Solvation of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, or saccharides resulting from these interactions determines their molecular structure and function. 

Some biomolecules contain carbohydrate components. Nucleotides, the building block molecules of the nucleic acids, contain either of the sugars ribose or deoxyribose. Certain proteins and lipids also contain carbohydrate. Glycoproteins and glycolipids occur on the external surface of cell membranes in multicellular organisms, where they play critical roles in the interactions between cells. 

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