Biological response signatures

Fore LS. 2003. Biological assessment of mining disturbance on stream invertebrates in mineralized areas of Colorado. In Simon TP, editor. Biological response signatures indicator patterns using aquatic communities. Boca Raton (FL) CRC Press, p 347-370. 

Yoder CO, Rankin ET. 1995. Biological response signatures and the area of degradation value new tools for interpreting multi-metric data. In Davis WS, Simon TP, editors. Biological assessment and criteria tools for water resource planning and decision making. Boca Raton (FL) Lewis Publishers, p 263-286. 

A biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention [123]. In proteomics, such a biomarker could be a protein or peptide (native or modified), or a pattern of peaks. Biomarkers are proposed to identify unique molecular signatures related to certain (disease) states. 

Such methods that analyze biological processes in terms of higher level modules can identify robust signatures of disease mechanisms. Application of these methods to understand human cancers have delineated molecular subtypes of cancer associated with disease progression and treatment response [76-78,136,137]. 

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