Biological Psychiatry symptoms

Most psychiatric patients do not meet the criteria of one particular disorder as presently defined, but show signs and symptoms of a multitude of disorders, or rather they display a patchwork of parts of different disorders. This situation faces biological psychiatry with insurmountable problems in determining which of the disorders in a given patient is the behavioral correlate of a particular biological disturbance. The hierarchical principle as applied in the later DSM editions—albeit inconsistently— provides no more than an ostrich solution. The problems of comorbidity do not disappear by concealing them. 

Palmer, B., Heaton, R., 8c Jeste, D. (1999). Extrapyramidal symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45, 791-794. 

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