Biological macromolecules starch

Jenkins, P. J., and Donald, A. M. (1995). The influence of amylose on starch granule structure. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 17,315-321. 

Edible films and coatings are thin materials made from biological macromolecules (biopolymers).1 The main biopolymers used in preparing biofilms are polysaccharides2 and proteins.3,4 Among the most studied polysaccharides are pectin, cellulose and derivatives, alginates, carrageenan, chitosan and starch.1 5... 

Polysaccharides are a diverse class of biological macromolecules with a wide range of structural and behavioral characteristics (3). They are biodegradable, cyclolinear, polyhydroxyl compounds fiiat are widely used in industry. Industrial polysaccharides have traditionally been extracted fix)m renewable resources like starch and gums from plant seeds. 

Buleon A, Colorma P, Planchot V and BaU S, (1998) Starch granules stracture and biosynthesis . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v23 85-112. 

Albertsson (Paiiition of Cell Paiiicle.s and Macromolecules, 3d ed., Wiley, New York, 1986) has extensively used particle distribution to fractionate mixtures of biological products. In order to demonstrate the versatility of particle distribution, he has cited the example shown in Table 22-14. The feed mixture consisted of polystyrene particles, red blood cells, starch, and cellulose. Liquid-liquid particle distribution has also been studied by using mineral-matter particles (average diameter = 5.5 Im) extracted from a coal liquid as the solid in a xylene-water system [Prudich and Heniy, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 24(5), 788 (1978)]. By using surface-active agents in order to enhance the water wettability of the solid particles, recoveries of better than 95 percent of the particles to the water phase were obsei ved. All particles remained in the xylene when no surfactant was added. 

There are a number of naturally occurring polymers which find technical application, including cellulose and its derivatives, starch, and rubber. In addition, a number of important biological materials, most notably the proteins, are made up of macromolecules. These will be considered briefly in the sections which follow. 

There have been a lot of quarrels in the early years of the twentieth century about the reality of what now are called polymers. It is the great merit of Staudinger (1920) to have proposed, contrary to the prevailing ideas, that rubber and other biological substances, such as starch, cellulose and proteins, are long chains of short repeating units linked by covalent bonds. He also coins the name "macromolecule". Since then it became clear that polymer molecules are "normal" molecules and that only their chainlike nature is "different" and imposes restrictions, but also provides new properties. 

Dong XM, Revol J-F, Gray DG (1998) Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose. Cellulose 5 19-32 Dubief D, Samain E, Dufresne A (1999) Polysaccharide microcrystals reinforced amorphous poly (beta-hydroxyoctanoate) nanocomposite materials. Macromolecules 32 5765-5771 Dufresne A (2000) Dynamic mechanical analysis of the interphase in bacterial polyester/cellulose whiskers natural composites. Compos Interfaces 7 53-67 Dufresne A (2006) Comparing the mechanical properties of high performance polymer nanocomposites from biological sources. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6 322-330 Dufresne A, Vignon MR (1998) Improvement of starch film performances using cellulose microfibrils. Macromolecules 31 2693-2696... 

Dufresne AJ (2006) Comparing the mechanical properties of high performance polymer nanocomposites from biological sources. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6 322-330 Dufresne A (2008) Polysaccharide nano crystal reinforced nanocomposites. Can J Chem 86 484—494 Dufresne A, Vignon M (1998) Improvement of starch film performances using cellulose microfibrils. Macromolecules 31 2693-2696... 

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