Biological innovations

Cell-based products present similarities as well as complex issues not encountered with traditional biologicals. Innovative uses of animal models have contributed to advances toward clinically applicable treatment options based on studies designed to answer specific questions. Novel models and experimental paradigms are best considered as a case-by-case approach applied to each specific product. Noninvasive imaging methods play a critical role in cell therapy by identifying how many cells reach the desired target and, if they survive, divide and differentiate to fulfill their intended function. 

The production of O2 by the oxidation of water within photosynthetic organisms is a striking signature of life on Earth. This biological innovation appeared in the precursors... 

Our approach at CuraGen has been to practice an updated drug development paradigm that specifically uses large-scale systems biology innovations to drive and... 

Several functioning examples of open source patent systems exist. The Public Patent Foundation (PPF) is one such initiative that facilitates the creation of a commons wherein patents may be pooled and made freely available to other participants [134]. The specific method applied by the PPF is to grant a nonexclusive and payment-free license to participants. The Biological Innovation of Open Society (BIOS) also involves technologies for which patent rights have been granted. 

The trouble may be more in visualizing the biological innovations than the intrinsic difficulty of these innovations. There appears to be considerable flexibility under water and inefficiency on land that argues against extrapolating a rigid phosphorus control to other planets or even to the early Earth. 

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