Energy transfer, biological

P. Mitchell (Bodmin, Cornwall) contributions to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory. 

Peter Mitchell Chemistry Biological energy transfer... 

ATP adenosine triphosphate, a biological energy-transfer molecule containing high-energy pyrophosphate bonds. 

This chapter introduces the first law of thermodynamics and its applications in three main parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics and the experimental basis of the first law. The second part introduces enthalpy as a measure of the energy transferred as heat during physical changes at constant pressure. The third part shows how the concept of enthalpy is applied to a variety of chemical changes, an important aspect of bioenergetics, the use of energy in biological systems. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an extremely important molecule in biological systems. Consult standard reference sources in your library to describe how this molecule is used in energy transfer to facilitate nonspontaneous processes necessary for life. 

Factors that enhance tunnelling are a small particle mass and a narrow potential energy barrier. In biology, electron transfer is known to occur over large distances (up to about 25 X 10 m). Given the mass of protium is 1840 times that of the electron, the same probability for protium... 

Quality Factor (Q)—The linear-energy-transfer-dependent factor by which absorbed doses are multiplied to obtain (for radiation protection purposes) a quantity that expresses - on a common scale for all ionizing radiation - the approximate biological effectiveness of the absorbed dose. 

These and other workers(46) have proposed that the energy transfer process can serve as a spectroscopic ruler (10-60 A) in biological systems. 

Algar WR, Krull UJ (2008) Quantum dots as donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer for the bioanalysis of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biological molecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 391 1609-1618... 

Medintz IL, Mattoussi H (2009) Quantum dot-based resonance energy transfer and its growing application in biology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11 17—45... 

Matzke, M. and Matzke, A.J.M. (2003). RNA extends its reach. Science, 301, 1060-1061 Mulkidjanian, A.Y., Cherepanar, D.A., Heberle, J. and Junge, W. (2005). Proton transfer dynamics at membrane/water interface and the mechanism of biological energy conversion. Biochem. (Moscow), 70, 251-256... 

Jovin, T. and Arndt-Jovin, D. (1989). FRET microscopy Digital imaging of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Application in cell biology. In Cell Structure and Function by Microspectrofluorometry (Kohen, E., JG, H. and Ploem, J., eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 99-117. 

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