Luminescence biological analysis

Luminescence, in particular photoluminescence, constitutes a well-established discipline in analytical science where the cited hallmarks include remarkable sensitivity, wide dynamic range and low detection limits (-10under suitable conditions). These collective merits are often umivaled by other optical techniques, and hence its wide adoption in the life sciences for determining trace constituents in biological and environmental samples. Moreover, its fast response, high spatial resolution and remote sensing capabilities make it attractive for real-time analytical problems such as process manufacturing (process analysis or PAT) and field applications. ... 

Buhch, A.A. Green, M.M. The use of luminescent bacteria for biological monitoring of water quality. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Application of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence Schram, E., Phihp, Eds. Schram, State Printing and Publ. Inc., 1979 193 211. 

In addition, the luminescence lifetime of quantum dots is approximately one order of magnitude longer than that of their organic counterparts.30 Thus, the autofluorescence of biological samples can effectively be filtered, for example, with time-gated measurements, in the case of these inorganic luminophores. Moreover, QDs are also particularly interesting for multiplexed analysis because of two of their inherent... 

Quantum Yield Efficiency of fluorescence percentage of incident energy emitted after absorption. The higher the quantum yield, the greater the intensity of the fluorescence, luminescence, or phosphorescence. See Papp, S. and Vanderkooi, J.M., Tryptophan phosphorescence at room temperature as a tool to study protein structure and dynamics, Photochem. Photobiol. 49, 775-784, 1989 Plasek, J. and Sigler, K Slow fluorescent indicators of membrane potential a survey of different approaches to probe response analysis, J. Photochem. Photobiol. 33, 101-124, 1996 Vladimirov, Y.A., Free radicals in primary photobiological processes, Membr. Cell Biol. 12, 645-663, 1998 Maeda, M., New label enzymes for bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 30, 1725-1734, 2003 Imahori, H., Porphyrin-fullerene linked systems as artificial photosynthetic mimics, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2, 1425-1433, 2004 Katerinopoulos, H.E., The coumarin moiety as chromophore of fluorescent ion indicators in biological systems, Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 3835-3852, 2004. 

The two parts of the present volume contain seventeen chapters written by experts from eleven countries. They cover computational chemistry, structural chemistry by spectroscopic methods, luminescence, thermochemistry, synthesis, various aspect of chemical behavior such as application as synthons, acid-base properties, coordination chemistry, redox behavior, electrochemistry, analytical chemistry and biological aspects of the metal enolates. Chapters are devoted to special families of compounds, such as the metal ynolates and 1,2-thiolenes and, besides their use as synthons in organic and inorganic chemistry, chapters appear on applications of metal enolates in structural analysis as NMR shift reagents, catalysis, polymerization, electronic devices and deposition of metals and their oxides. 

The electronic excited state is inherently unstable and can decay back to the ground state in various ways, some of which involve (re-)emission of a photon, which leads to luminescence phenomena (fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence) (22). Some biologic molecules are naturally fluorescent, and phosphorescence is a common property of many marine and other organisms. (Fluorescence is photon emission caused by an electronic transition to ground state from an excited singlet state and is usually quite rapid. Phosphorescence is a much longer-lived process that involves formally forbidden transitions from electronic triplet states of a molecule.) Fluorescence measurement techniques can be extremely sensitive, and the use of fluorescent probes or dyes is now widespread in biomolecular analysis. For example, the large increase in fluorescence... 

Besides low detection limits and high sensitivity, chemical luminescence analysis is relatively simple and requires inexpensive equipment. It is widely used in detecting trace amounts of an especially pure component in a mixture, in quantitative analysis of pure metals and alloys, semiconductor materials, soil, air, biological, and other specimens. 

The agents for bioluminescent assays are luminous bacteria, recombinant luminous organisms, luciferases and others enzymes for multienzymatic bioluminescent assays. The extremely high amplification of these luminescent systems allows rapid methods to be set up which can be applied to a very small amounts of biological samples. The sensitivity of these methods is often at the nanomolar level, on the border between conventional enzymatic and immunological methods. Moreover they are applicable to analytes present at very low concentration and when high sensitivity is not required, analysis time can be reduced to few seconds. ... 

Kim N, Kratasyuk V. Luciferase biosensors for the analysis of aldehydes. In Jezowska-Trzebiatowska B, Kochel B, Slawinski J, Strek W (Eds) Biological luminescence. World Scientific, Singapore 1990 564-72. 

A. W. de Feijter, J. E. Trosko, and M. H. Wade, in Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Biological Activity A Practical Guide to Technology for Quantitative Real-Time Analysis (ed. W. T. Mason), Academic Press, London, 1993, pp. 378-388. 

Fluorescence polarization detection of mismatches has been reported, again via hybridization [312]. A protocol known as fluorescence assisted mismatch analysis, which incorporates molecular biology methods with fluorescence detection, has also been developed [313]. Recently, the intensity of Tb(III) luminescence has been found to be increased in the presence of mismatches in double-stranded DNA, although the mechanism is complex [314]. 

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