Biological antifungal activity

From capitulum of a head rot-resistant sunflower genotype [6295]. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Antifungal [6295]. 

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Antifungal (Candida albicans) [6332] antibacterial (no effect ) [6332], Aspergillus fumigatus, mycobactetium intracellulaire, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus antimalarial (no effect) [6332] antiprotozoal (no effect) [6332] cytotoxicity [6332],... 

The polyether antibiotics exhibit a broad range of biological, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticoccidial, antiparasitic, and insecticidal activities. They improve feed efficiency and growth performance in mminant and monogastric animals. Only the anticoccidial activity in poultry and catde, and the effect on feed efficiency in mminants such as catde and sheep are of commercial interest. 

The cytolytic agent termed aponin has been characterized in terms of biological activity, and the results to date indicate a material that does not adversely affect the organisms tested. Material isolated from cultures of Nannochloris sp. also has some phytotoxic activity as evidenced by the assays with lettuce seeds, and some antifungal activity. The materials elaborated by Nannochloris sp. thus have environmental significance, but it must be admitted that the full significance of these materials, like others, remains to be fully appreciated. 

A typical second step after the insertion of CO into aryl or alkenyl-Pd(II) compounds is the addition to alkenes [148]. However, allenes can also be used (as shown in the following examples) where a it-allyl-r 3-Pd-complex is formed as an intermediate which undergoes a nucleophilic substitution. Thus, Alper and coworkers [148], as well as Grigg and coworkers [149], described a Pd-catalyzed transformation of o-iodophenols and o-iodoanilines with allenes in the presence of CO. Reaction of 6/1-310 or 6/1-311 with 6/1-312 in the presence of Pd° under a CO atmosphere (1 atm) led to the chromanones 6/1-314 and quinolones 6/1-315, respectively, via the Jt-allyl-r 3-Pd-complex 6/1-313 (Scheme 6/1.82). The enones obtained can be transformed by a Michael addition with amines, followed by reduction to give y-amino alcohols. Quinolones and chromanones are of interest due to their pronounced biological activity as antibacterials [150], antifungals [151] and neurotrophic factors [152]. 

Generally, most of the nonprotein amino acids containing aryl or functionalized aryl side chains are part of nonribosomal peptides isolated from hacteria, fungi, and sponges. These peptides exhibit interesting biological activities that include antimicrobial, antitumor, antifungal, and other inhibitory activities. Table 3 describes many of these types of amino acids. 

The discovery of the polyoxin group (1) of antifungal nucleoside antibiotics (2) spurred the attention of synthetic chemists as well as biologists for a number of reasons. Their unusual structural features combined with unique biological activity fostered studies on many fronts (3). During their studies on the biosynthesis of the polyoxins, Isono, Crain and McCloskey (4) discovered three novel acidic nucleosides which they called octosyl acid A, B and C,... 

The majority of indolocarbazole alkaloids, isolated so far from nature, are derivatives of the indolo[2,3-fl]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole ring system 292. They have been isolated from soil organisms, slime molds, and marine sources (3,7,8,252-255), and have shown a broad range of potent biological activities, such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antihypertensive activity (3,7,256-260,267-270). Their activity as potent inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) has received special attention, and was the focus of several investigations (8,257,258,271-280). The history of these natural products dates back about 30 years (Scheme 2.73). 

Heterocyclic amines have also been used for aminolysis. Subsequent cyclization of the acylamino amides leads to imidazolones that show a diverse range of biological activities as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antihelmintic, and anti-Parkinsonian agents, as well as central nervous systems (CNS) stimulants. 

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