Biolabel

Nitrogen heterocycles are especially interesting, since they constitute an important class of natural and nonnatural products, many of which exhibit useful optical properties these have been recently synthesized and evaluated as probes in bioassays purposes 141 —441. Despite the diversity of these compounds, benzoxadiazole, acridone, and acridine fluorophores were chosen as a focus in biolabeling applications. 

Wolfbeis, O. S. (2007). The click reaction in the luminescent probing of metal ions, and its implications on biolabeling techniques. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 46, 2980-2. 

Kamimura M, Miyamoto D, Saito Y, Soga K, Nagasaki Y (2008) Design of polyethylene glycol)/streptavidin co-immobilized upconversion nanophosphors and their application to fluorescence biolabeling. Langmuir 24 8864-8870... 

Potential Applications for the Use of Lanthanide Complexes as Luminescent Biolabels Graham R. Motson, Jean S. Fleming and Sally Brooker... 

Chan CP, Bruemmel Y, Seydack M et al (2004) Nanocrystal biolabels with releasable fluorophores for immunoassays. Anal Chem 76 3638-3645... 

Yu J, Choi S, Dickson RM (2009) Shuttle-based lluorogenic silver-cluster biolabels. Angew Chem Int Ed 48 318-320... 

Keywords Biolabeling Gold Luminescence Quantum clusters... 

Habeeb Muhammed MA, Verma PK, Pal SK et al (2009) Bright, NIR-emitting Au23 from Au25 characterization and applications including biolabeling. Chem Eur J 15 10110-10120... 

Vitrac, X. et al., Carbon-14 biolabelling of wine polyphenols in Vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures, J. Biotechnol., 95, 49, 2002. 

Deprez, S., Mila, L, and Scalbert, A., Carbon-14 biolabeling of (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidin oligomers in willow tree cuttings, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 4219, 1999. 

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR THE USE OF LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES AS LUMINESCENT BIOLABELS... 

Calixarenes are a promising class of ligand with regard to the development of luminescent lanthanide biolabels with the necessary stability, luminescence and, ultimately, solubility properties. 

The present volume is a non-thematic issue and includes seven contributions. The first chapter byAndreja Bakac presents a detailed account of the activation of dioxygen by transition metal complexes and the important role of atom transfer and free radical chemistry in aqueous solution. The second contribution comes from Jose Olabe, an expert in the field of pentacyanoferrate complexes, in which he describes the redox reactivity of coordinated ligands in such complexes. The third chapter deals with the activation of carbon dioxide and carbonato complexes as models for carbonic anhydrase, and comes from Anadi Dash and collaborators. This is followed by a contribution from Sasha Ryabov on the transition metal chemistry of glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase and related enzymes. In chapter five Alexandra Masarwa and Dan Meyerstein present a detailed report on the properties of transition metal complexes containing metal-carbon bonds in aqueous solution. Ivana Ivanovic and Katarina Andjelkovic describe the importance of hepta-coordination in complexes of 3d transition metals in the subsequent contribution. The final chapter by Sally Brooker and co-workers is devoted to the application of lanthanide complexes as luminescent biolabels, an exciting new area of development. 

Nowadays the core-shell (or nanocoating) technique is extensively applied to the synthesis of both semiconductor and insulating nanostructures for a variety of purposes. By modification of their nanostructure or surface, one can improve the quantum efficiency of lanthanide optical centers, and design biolabels. In addition, core-shell particles can be used as precursor to produce hollow spheres. 

Indolizine is an aromatic 1 On-electron system and constitutional isomer of l-H indole and, consequently, has received a considerable theoretical and practical interest [100]. Considering the well-established fluorescence properties of indolizines [101-103] and biindolizines [102], and the steadily increasing importance of fluorophores in biolabeling and environmental trace analysis, we have been seeking for a new, efficient synthesis of fluorescent indolizines. Two general ways of indolizine syntheses have been known so far [100]. The first route is based on the intramolecular formation of the indolizine by cyclocondensation of suitable pyridinium precursors. However, the second approach takes advantage of a [3 + 2]... 

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