Biofuel enzyme-based

Figure 1. Conceptual product definitions of enzyme-based biofuel cells as they are compared in their specific energy and energy density to the existing primary battery technology. Based on Figure 2 of ref 15. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 1999 The Electrochemical Society, Inc.

Biofuel cells based on wired enzyme assemblies... 

Togo M, Takamura A, Asai T, Kaji H, Nishizawa M (2008) Structural studies of enzyme-based microfluidic biofuel cells. J Power Sources 178 53-58... 

Willner, 1., Yan, Y.-M., Willner, B., Tel-Vered, R. Integrated enzyme-based biofuel cells-a review. Euel Cells 9(1), 7-24 (2009). doi 10.1002/fuce.200800115... 

Another H2/O2 biofuel cell based on a hyperthermophihc 02-tolerant hydrogenase and bilirubin oxidase was reported by Lojou and coworkers [41]. Both electrodes were based on SWCNTs bearing carboxylic functions on which the enzymes were covalently finked. The electrodes were plunged into separate electrolyte baths separated by a membrane and fueled by pure H2 and O2. The biofuel cell delivers power densities up to 0.3mW/cm at 0.6 V with an open-circuit voltage of 1.1 V, with 24 h stability under continuous operation. 

WiUner L Yan YM, Willner B, Tel-Vered R. Integrated enzyme-based biofuel cells - a review. Fuel Cells 2009 9 7-24. 

Pas LM (2007) Alternative energy enzyme-based biofuel cells. Basic Biotechnol eJoumal 3 93-97... 

Despite the fact that enzyme-based biofuel cells progressed a lot in the last 20 years reaching the state where the electrodes operate in vivo being implanted in living organisms, the motivation for their design is not always clear. In most of the published papers the authors claim their use as a source of sustainable power extracted from renewable biological... 

Another important problem which should be resolved prior to real biomedical applications of implantable biofuel cells is their stability. The biofuel cells presently used for activating pacemakers can operate for hours, at best for several days, while the current batteries operating as electrical power supplies for pacemakers provide power for at least 10 years. Therefore, implanted biofuel cells will be competitive with the presently used batteries only if they can operate in vivo more than 10 years, which is not achievable at the present level of technology, at least using enzyme-based biocatalytic electrodes. On the other hand, there is an alternative approach to biofuel cells, where the catalytic electrodes are modified instead with inorganic materials. These biofuel cells are called abiotic and they demonstrated excellent... 

Microfluidic Fuel Cells, Figure 2 Anodic half-cell of a biofuel cell based on biocatalytic enzyme proteins, fuel and redox mediators in solution... 

Biofuel Cells Based on Wired Enzyme Assemblies... 

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