Biochemical waves

Mass spectrometry has been implemented as an on-line detection tool to monitor the transmission of chemical signals due to natural processes such as diffusion and convection as well as a bienzymatic autocatalytic process [6]. Using a mass spectrometer as the detector, it was found that an enzyme-accelerated chemical wave propagates faster than a chemical wave propelled by other processes. The two enzymes involved in the process (pyruvate 

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While neurotoxic effects of amphetamines upon MA neurons had been reported in previous biochemical studies, a seminal paper from the University of Chicago has stimulated a new wave of interest in the neurotoxic effects of substituted amphetamines upon 5-HT projections. 

Shibuya T. and Tsuaki H.T. (1988). Induced wave responses of the accessory olfactory bulb to odorants in two species of turtle. Comp Biochem Physiol 91, 377-386. 

Another approach is that of including dynamics in the calculations. A dynamical formalism of DFT was first developed by Car and Parrinello [31], and has been employed in a wide range of areas, e.g. solvation problems, reactions on surfaces, solid-state interactions, and a variety of biochemical applications. In CP-MD one normally uses a plane wave basis to reduce the computational requirements and enable easy implementation of periodic boundary conditions. Nonetheless, CP-MD simulations are rather costly, and are normally not applied to systems larger than, say, 1-200 atoms, and over relatively short time frames. 

Diffusion Currents. Half-wave Potentials. Characteristics of the DME. Quantitative Analysis. Modes of Operation Used in Polarography. The Dissolved Oxygen Electrode and Biochemical Enzyme Sensors. Amperometric Titrations. Applications of Polarography and Amperometric Titrations. 

The three best-known examples of biochemical oscillations were found during the decade 1965-1975 [40,41]. These include the peroxidase reaction, glycolytic oscillations in yeast and muscle, and the pulsatile release of cAMP signals in Dictyostelium amoebae (see Section V). Another decade passed before the development of Ca " " fluorescent probes led to the discovery of oscillations in intracellular Ca +. Oscillations in cytosolic Ca " " have since been found in a variety of cells where they can arise spontaneously, or after stimulation by hormones or neurotransmitters. Their period can range from seconds to minutes, depending on the cell type [56]. The oscillations are often accompanied by propagation of intracellular or intercellular Ca " " waves. The importance of Ca + oscillations and waves stems from the major role played by this ion in the control of many key cellular processes—for example, gene expression or neurotransmitter secretion. 

A newly discovered, highly organized state of matter in which clusters of 20-30 component atoms are magnetically contained and adiabatically cooled to within 2-3 X 10 K of absolute zero. At this point, the motions of the contained atoms are overcome by very weak cohesive forces of the Bose-Einstein condensate. While of no apparent relevance to biochemical kinetics, the Bose-Einstein condensate represents one of the most perfect forms of self-assembly, inasmuch as aU atoms within the condensate share identical Schrodinger wave equations. 

Are Biochemical Pesticides the Wave of the Future 341 Table 12.1 New pesticide active ingredients registered in fiscal year 2006 by USEPA/OPPa). 

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