Biochemical engineering scale

The biotransformation process has been improved by significant advances in biochemical engineering advances in genetic and protein engineering, microbiological manipulations for the production of enzymes, and the use of biocatalysts in immobilized form and large-scale purification methods. 

Wichmann, R. and Vasic-Racki, D. (2005) Cofactor regeneration at the lab scale. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 92, 225-260. 

Penicillin acylases or amidohydrolases, which cleave the amide side chain of penicillin G, have been known for almost 50 years. " As one of the first enzymes to be developed for use at scale in the pharmaceutical industry, penicillin G acylase (PGA) has often been used as a model system for academic studies from molecular biology to biochemical engineering. Despite extensive screening, however, for decades there was no equivalent enzyme to generate 7-ACA by cleaving the polar D-a-aminoadipoyl side chain from cephalosporin C. 

Biochemical engineering is concerned with conducting biological processes on an industrial scale. This area links biological sciences with chemical engineering. The role of biochemical engineers has become more important in recent years due to the dramatic developments of biotechnology. 

To carry out a bioprocess on a large scale, biochemical engineers need to work together with biological scientists ... 

Artemisinin is used here as an example of a plant sesquiterpenoid with both traditional value as well as with medicinal and social value in the twenty-first century. Research on artemisinin has also established new benchmarks for biochemical engineering and functional genomics of plant terpenoids. Artemisinin is a functionalized sesquiterpene with a unique peroxide linkage from the sweet wormwood Artemisia annua). Chinese herbalists have used it since ancient times, and it is now used for its unique efficacy to treat multidrug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Its medicinal importance has prompted studies into its biosynthesis and its biochemical engineering so that cost-effective methods for producing it in large scale and in consistent quality may be realized. 

Bliem R Katinger H (1988) Scale-up engineering in animal cell technology Part II. Trends in Biotechnology 6 224-230. Bliem R, Konopitzky K Katinger H (1991) Industrial animal cell reactor systems aspects of selection and evaluation. Advances in Biochemical Engineering 44 2-26. 

Chemical engineers are still faced with problems regarding scale-up and microbial contamination in the fermentation by aerobic submerged cultures. Despite many advances in biochemical engineering to address these problems, the problems nevertheless persist. Recently, many advances have been made in the area of recombinant DNA, which themselves have spun off new and lucrative fields in the production of plant and animal pharmaceuticals. A careful study of this technology is therefore necessary, not only for the implementation of efficient fermentation processes, but also for compliance with official regulatory bodies. 

For large-scale operations, biochemical engineers work with biological scientists to (1) obtain the best biological catalyst (microorganism, animal cell, plant cell, or enzyme) for a desired process,... 

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