Biocatalytic methodologies

However, for the dihydroxylation of alkenes the microbiological method is not so effective and the biocatalytic methodology pales into insignificance compared with the powerful chemical technique introduced by Sharpless. 

In conclusion, the widespread apphcation of chemo- and biocatalytic methodologies to the manufacture of fine chemicals has enormous potential for creating greener, environmentally benign processes. 

Entry to trans-2,5-disubstituted phospholanes 3 was first achieved conveniently through the use of chiral 1,4-diol intermediates 1 (Scheme 13.1).8 Originally, a series of 1,4-diols was prepared via electrochemical Kolbe coupling of enantiomerically pure a-hydroxy acids.9 Commercially, the Kolbe procedure was not practical and more attractive routes involving biocatalytic methodologies currently are used to produce the requisite 1,4-diols.10... 

Finally, it is worth noting that significant advances have been made in the utilisation of biocatalytic methodologies for the (asymmetric) reduction of, for example, ketones to the corresponding alcohols (see later). 

In summary, a broad range of large-scale applicable biocatalytic methodologies have been developed for the production of L-amino acids in technical quantities. Among these industrially feasible routes, enzymatic resolutions play an important role. In particular, L-aminoacylases, L-amidases, L-hydantoinases in combination with L-carbamoylases, and /l-lactam hydrolases are efficient and technically suitable biocatalysts. In addition, attractive manufacturing processes for L-amino acids by means of asymmetric (bio-)catalytic routes has been realized. Successful examples are reductive amination, transamination, and addition of ammonia to rx,/fun-saturated carbonyl compounds, respectively. 

Below are examples, taken primarily from the ACS Symposium on Biocatalysis in Polymer Science at the National Meeting in San Francisco (September 2006), that highlight new biocatalytic methodologies. Indeed, throughout this book, many newly developed methodologies are reported that enable enzymes to do new or improved biocatalytic conversions. 

Relatively very few reports exist on use of biocatalytic methodologies for carrying our surface modification of SAMs. Use of enzymes in organic synthesis (77) and polymer science (78) is well established and has been discussed elsewhere in comprehensive reviews. The rapidly increasing interest in in vitro enzyme-catalyzed organic and polymeric reactions has been due to the fact that several families of enzyme utilize and transform not only their natural substrates but also a wide range of unnatural compounds to yield a variety of useful... 

In short, we expect the interest in selective, environmentally benign oxidation of alcohols, using both chemo- and biocatalytic methodologies, to continue unabated in the future. 

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