Binuclear reactions

Ernest Rutherford was the first person to observe a binuclear reaction, hi 1919, he exposed a sample of nitrogen to a particles from a naturally radioactive source. He observed the production of protons and deduced from the requirements of charge and mass balance that the other product was oxygen-17 ... 

This is a mononuclear or first-order reaction which is often referred to in chemical kinetics as an example of a real first-order reaction. In nuclear science, however, binuclear reactions are generally understood by the term nuclear reactions . They are described by the equation ... 

The first binuclear reaction was observed in a cloud chamber in 1919 by Rutherford ... 

The probability that a nuclear reaction may occur is given by the cross section of the reaction, which is comparable with the rate constant of a bimolecular chemical reaction. Considering the general equation for a binuclear reaction... 

Yields of nuclear reactions can also be calculated, if binuclear reactions and mononuclear reactions (decay) occur simultaneously, A simple case is the decay of the nuclide produced by a binuclear reaction ... 

If the nuclide 2 is produced by decay of nuclide 1 and additionally by binuclear reaction from another nuclide B,... 

If the assumption Y = constant is not fulfilled, because of noticeable transmutation of A by mononuclear or binuclear reactions, the following equation is applied ... 

The situation becomes more complicated if the nuclides I and 2 in the reaction scheme (8.41) are not only produced by radioactive decay, but also by binuclear reactions ... 

The chemical effects of mononuclear and binuclear reactions can be divided into primary effects taking place in the atom involved in the nuclear reaction, secondary effects in the molecules or other associations of atoms, and subsequent reactions. Primary and secondary effects are observed within about 10 s after the nuclear reaction. 

Mononuclear and binuclear reactions involve recoil effects. The energy A/7 set free in the reactions is shared out between the reaction products according to the law of conservation of momentum. 

Electron shells arc influenced by mono- or binuclear reactions in various ways ... 

In gases and liquids, intramolecular bonds are only affected to a certain degree by the recoil due to a mononuclear or binuclear reaction occurring in an atom of a molecule or by the kinetic energy transmitted to an atom by an incident projectile. Molecules in gases and liquids are mobile and the intermolecular binding forces are small, provided that the pressure is not too high. 

With cadmium ion, only the simple product CdOH" is formed, whereas with copper(II) a binuclear reaction predominates ... 

This is for the sake of mathematical simplification rather than the belief that the binuclear reaction is not important. 

Figure 34. Binuclear reactions between [RhMesftacn)] and its reductive elimination product...

Step is hydrogen addition to an unsaturated, mononuclear, acyl-cobalt complex have been challenged on the basis of in situ infrared spectroscopic studies/ ° The mechanism has been shown to include a binuclear reaction (Equation 3.7) as the major or only reductive elimination step. ... 

Allen LA, Zhao X-J, Caughey W, Poyton RO. Isoforms of yeast cytochrome c oxidase subunit V affect the binuclear reaction center and alter the kinetics of interaction with the isoforms of yeast C3dochrome c. J Biol Chem 1995 270 110—118. 

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